Shunting systems with rotation-based flow control assemblies, and associated systems and methods

ABSTRACT

The present technology relates to intraocular shunting systems and methods. In some embodiments, the present technology includes intraocular shunting systems that include a drainage element having an inflow portion configured for placement within an anterior chamber of the eye outside of an optical field of view of the patient and an outflow portion configured for placement at a different location of the eye. The system can also include a flow control assembly having a rotational control element operably coupled to the drainage element. The flow control assembly can further include an actuation structure coupled to the rotational control element and configured to selectively change an orientation of the rotational control element. An amount of fluid through the inflow portion and/or the outflow portion can vary based on the selected orientation of the rotational control element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/684,544, filed Mar. 2, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/175,332, filed Feb. 12, 2021, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,291,585, which claims priority to the following provisional applications:

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/976,890, filed Feb. 14, 2020;

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/981,411, filed Feb. 25, 2020;

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/116,674, filed Nov. 20, 2020; and

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/140,543, filed Jan. 22, 2021.

All of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Further, components and features of embodiments disclosed in the applications incorporated by reference may be combined with various components and features disclosed and claimed in the present application.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology generally relates to implantable medical devices and, in particular, to intraocular shunting systems and associated methods for selectively controlling fluid flow between different portions of a patient's eye.

BACKGROUND

Glaucoma is a degenerative ocular condition involving damage to the optic nerve that can cause progressive and irreversible vision loss. Glaucoma is frequently associated with ocular hypertension, an increase in pressure within the eye resultant from an increase in production of aqueous humor (“aqueous”) within the eye and/or a decrease in the rate of outflow of aqueous from within the eye into the blood stream. Aqueous is produced in the ciliary body at the boundary of the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye. It flows into the anterior chamber and eventually into the capillary bed in the sclera of the eye. Glaucoma is typically caused by a failure in mechanisms that transport aqueous out of the eye and into the blood stream.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Many aspects of the present technology can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Instead, emphasis is placed on illustrating clearly the principles of the present technology. Furthermore, components can be shown as transparent in certain views for clarity of illustration only and not to indicate that the component is necessarily transparent. Components may also be shown schematically.

FIG. 1A is a simplified front view of an eye with an implanted shunt configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 1B is an isometric view of the eye and implanted shunt of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 is a front view of a flow control assembly of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 3 is a front view of a flow control assembly of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with another embodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 4A is a front view of a flow control assembly of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 4B is a front view of a first plate member of the assembly of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4C is a front view of a second plate member positioned within the first plate member of the assembly of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5A is a top view of a flow control assembly of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 5B is a side cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6A is a flow control assembly of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with another embodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 6B is a front view of the assembly of FIG. 6A in a loaded and/or compressed configuration.

FIG. 6C is a front view of the assembly of FIG. 6B in a rotated configuration.

FIG. 7A is a front view of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 7B is an enlarged view of a flow control assembly of the intraocular shunting system shown in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7C is an enlarged view of a portion of the flow control assembly shown in FIG. 7B.

FIG. 7D is an enlarged view of an actuation assembly of the intraocular shunting system of FIG. 7A in a first configuration.

FIG. 7E is an enlarged front view of the actuation assembly of FIG. 7D in a second configuration.

FIG. 8A is a front view of another intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 8B is a side view of the intraocular shunting system of FIG. 8A.

FIG. 8C is an enlarged front view of a flow control assembly of the intraocular shunting system of FIG. 8A.

FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate an actuator for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate another actuator for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIGS. 11A-11D illustrate yet another actuator for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIGS. 12A-12D illustrate yet another actuator for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate yet another actuator for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIGS. 14A-14E illustrate a flow control assembly for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIGS. 15A-15D illustrate another flow control assembly for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIGS. 16-18 illustrate additional actuators for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing an adjustable intraocular shunting system in accordance with embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart of a method for treating a patient having glaucoma using an adjustable intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present technology is generally directed to shunting systems for selectively controlling the flow of fluid between a first body region of a patient, such as an anterior chamber of the patient's eye, and a second body region of the patient, such as a bleb space. The shunting systems disclosed herein can include a drainage element having a channel extending therethrough for transporting fluid from the first body region to the second body region. The shunting systems can also include a flow control assembly or actuator having a control element rotatably moveable relative to the drainage element, and at least one shape memory actuation element that, when actuated, pivots or otherwise rotates the control element relative to the drainage element. Pivoting/rotating the control element can change the fluid resistance through one or more apertures (e.g., fluid inlets) in fluid communication with the channel, thereby changing the drainage rate through the drainage element. As described in detail below, use of a rotational motion to control the flow of fluid through a shunting system is expected to provide several advantages over flow control elements that rely on linear motion.

The terminology used in the description presented below is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the present technology. Certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section. Additionally, the present technology can include other embodiments that are within the scope of the examples but are not described in detail with respect to FIGS. 1-20 .

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

Reference throughout this specification to relative terms such as, for example, “generally,” “approximately,” and “about” are used herein to mean the stated value plus or minus 10%. Reference throughout this specification to the term “resistance” refers to fluid resistance unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The terms “drainage rate,” “flow rate,” and “flow” are used interchangeably to describe the movement of fluid through a structure.

Although certain embodiments herein are described in terms of shunting fluid from an anterior chamber of an eye, one of skill in the art will appreciate that the present technology can be readily adapted to shunt fluid from and/or between other portions of the eye, or, more generally, from and/or between a first body region and a second body region. Moreover, while the certain embodiments herein are described in the context of glaucoma treatment, any of the embodiments herein, including those referred to as “glaucoma shunts” or “glaucoma devices” may nevertheless be used and/or modified to treat other diseases or conditions, including other diseases or conditions of the eye or other body regions. For example, the systems described herein can be used to treat diseases characterized by increased pressure and/or fluid build-up, including but not limited to heart failure (e.g., heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, etc.), pulmonary failure, renal failure, hydrocephalus, and the like. Moreover, while generally described in terms of shunting aqueous, the systems described herein may be applied equally to shunting other fluid, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid, between the first body region and the second body region.

The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed present technology.

A. Intraocular Shunts For Glaucoma Treatment

Glaucoma refers to a group of eye diseases associated with damage to the optic nerve which eventually results in vision loss and blindness. As noted above, glaucoma is a degenerative ocular condition characterized by an increase in pressure within the eye resulting from an increase in production of aqueous within the eye and/or a decrease in the rate of outflow of aqueous from within the eye into the blood stream. The increased pressure leads to injury of the optic nerve over time. Unfortunately, patients often do not present with symptoms of increased intraocular pressure until the onset of glaucoma. As such, patients typically must be closely monitored once increased pressure is identified even if they are not symptomatic. The monitoring continues over the course of the disease so clinicians can intervene early to stem progression of the disease. Monitoring pressure requires patients to visit a clinic site on a regular basis which is expensive, time-consuming, and inconvenient. The early stages of glaucoma are typically treated with drugs (e.g., eye drops) and/or laser therapy. When drug/laser treatments no longer suffice, however, surgical approaches can be used. Surgical or minimally invasive approaches primarily attempt to increase the outflow of aqueous from the anterior chamber to the blood stream either by the creation of alternative fluid paths or the augmentation of the natural paths for aqueous outflow.

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a human eye E and suitable location(s) in which a shunt may be implanted within the eye E in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 1A is a simplified front view of the eye E with an implanted shunt 100, and FIG. 1B is an isometric view of the eye E and the shunt 100 of FIG. 1A. Referring first to FIG. 1A, the eye E includes a number of muscles to control its movement, including a superior rectus SR, inferior rectus IR, lateral rectus LR, medial rectus MR, superior oblique SO, and inferior oblique IO. The eye E also includes an iris, pupil, and limbus.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B together, the shunt 100 can have a drainage element 105 (e.g., a drainage tube) positioned such that an inflow portion 101 is positioned in an anterior chamber of the eye E, and an outflow portion 102 is positioned at a different location within the eye E, such as a bleb space. The shunt 100 can be implanted in a variety of orientations. For example, when implanted, the drainage element 105 may extend in a superior, inferior, medial, and/or lateral direction from the anterior chamber. Depending upon the design of the shunt 100, the outflow portion 102 can be placed in a number of different suitable outflow locations (e.g., between the choroid and the sclera, between the conjunctiva and the sclera, etc.).

Outflow resistance can change over time for a variety of reasons, e.g., as the outflow location goes through its healing process after surgical implantation of a shunt (e.g., shunt 100) or further blockage in the drainage network from the anterior chamber through the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the collector channels, and eventually into the vein and the body's circulatory system. Accordingly, a clinician may desire to modify the shunt after implantation to either increase or decrease the outflow resistance in response to such changes or for other clinical reasons. For example, in many procedures the shunt is modified at implantation to temporarily increase its outflow resistance. After a period of time deemed sufficient to allow for healing of the tissues and stabilization of the outflow resistance, the modification to the shunt is reversed, thereby decreasing the outflow resistance. In another example, the clinician may implant the shunt and after subsequent monitoring of intraocular pressure determine a modification of the drainage rate through the shunt is desired. Such modifications can be invasive, time-consuming, and/or expensive for patients. If such a procedure is not followed, however, there is a high likelihood of creating hypotony (excessively low eye pressure), which can result in further complications, including damage to the optic nerve. In contrast, intraocular shunting systems configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology allow the clinician to selectively adjust the flow of fluid through the shunt after implantation without additional invasive surgical procedures.

The shunts described herein can be implanted having a first drainage rate and subsequently remotely adjusted to achieve a second, different drainage rate. The adjustment can be based on the needs of the individual patient. For example, the shunt may be implanted at a first lower flow rate and subsequently adjusted to a second higher flow rate as clinically necessary. The shunts described herein can be delivered using either ab interno or ab externo implant techniques, and can be delivered via needles. The needles can have a variety of shapes and configurations to accommodate the various shapes of the shunts described herein. Details of the implant procedure, the implant devices, and bleb formation are described in greater detail in International Patent Application No. PCT/US20/41152, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

In many of the embodiments described herein, the flow control assemblies are configured to introduce features that selectively impede or attenuate fluid flow through the shunt during operation. In this way, the flow control assemblies can incrementally or continuously change the flow resistance through the shunt to selectively regulate pressure and/or flow. The flow control assemblies configured in accordance with the present technology can accordingly adjust the level of interference or compression between a number of different positions, and accommodate a multitude of variables (e.g., IOP, aqueous production rate, native aqueous outflow resistance, and/or native aqueous outflow rate) to precisely regulate flow rate through the shunt.

The disclosed flow control assemblies can be operated using energy. This feature allows such devices to be implanted in the patient and then modified/adjusted over time without further invasive surgeries or procedures for the patient. Further, because the devices disclosed herein may be actuated via energy from an external energy source (e.g., a laser), such devices do not require any additional power to maintain a desired orientation or position. Rather, the actuators/fluid resistors disclosed herein can maintain a desired position/orientation without power. This can significantly increase the usable lifetime of such devices and enable such devices to be effective long after the initial implantation procedure.

B. Operation of Actuation Elements

Some embodiments of the present technology include actuation assemblies (e.g., flow control assemblies, flow control mechanisms, etc.) that have at least one actuation element coupled to a moveable control element (e.g., an arm, a gating element, a projection, etc.). As described in detail below, the moveable control element can be configured to interface with (e.g., at least partially block) a corresponding port or aperture. The port can be an inflow port or an outflow port. Movement of the actuation element(s) generates (e.g., translational and/or rotational) movement of the moveable element.

The actuation element(s) can include a shape memory material (e.g., a shape memory alloy, or a shape memory polymer). Movement of the actuation element(s) can be generated through applied stress and/or use of a shape memory effect (e.g., as driven by a change in temperature). The shape memory effect enables deformations that have altered an element from its preferred geometric configuration (e.g., original or fabricated configuration, shape-set configuration, heat-set configuration, etc.) to be largely or entirely reversed during operation of the flow control assembly. For example, thermal actuation (heating) can reverse deformation(s) by inducing a change in state (e.g., phase change) in the actuator material, inducing a temporary elevated internal stress that promotes a shape change toward the preferred geometric configuration. For a shape memory alloy, the change in state can be from a martensitic phase (alternatively, R-phase) to an austenitic phase. For a shape memory polymer, the change in state can be via a glass transition temperature or a melting temperature. The change in state can reverse deformation(s) of the material—for example, deformation with respect to its preferred geometric configuration—without any (e.g., externally) applied stress to the actuation element. That is, a deformation that is present in the material at a first temperature (e.g., body temperature) can be (e.g., thermally) recovered and/or altered by raising the material to a second (e.g., higher) temperature. Upon cooling (and changing state, e.g., back to martensitic phase), the actuation element retains its preferred geometric configuration. With the material in this relatively cooler-temperature condition it may require a lower force or stress to thermoelastically deform the material, and any subsequently applied external stress can cause the actuation element to once again deform away from the original geometric configuration.

The actuation element(s) can be processed such that a transition temperature at which the change in state occurs (e.g., the austenite start temperature, the austenite final temperature, etc.) is above a threshold temperature (e.g., body temperature). For example, the transition temperature can be set to be about 45 deg. C., about 50 deg. C., about 55 deg. C., or about 60 deg. C. In some embodiments, the actuator material is heated from body temperature to a temperature above the austenite start temperature (or alternatively above the R-phase start temperature) such that an upper plateau stress (e.g., “UPS_body temperature”) of the material in a first state (e.g., thermoelastic martensitic phase, or thermoelastic R-phase at body temperature) is lower than an upper plateau stress (e.g., “UPS_actuated temperature”) of the material in a heated state (e.g., superelastic state), which achieves partial or full free recovery. For example, the actuator material can be heated such that UPS_actuated temperature>UPS_body temperature. In some embodiments, the actuator material is heated from body temperature to a temperature above the austenite start temperature (or alternatively above the R-phase start temperature) such that an upper plateau stress of the material in a first state (e.g., thermoelastic martensite or thermoelastic R-phase at body temperature) is lower than a lower plateau stress (e.g., “LPS”) of the material in a heated state (e.g., superelastic state), which achieves partial or full free recovery. For example, the actuator material can be aged such that LPS_activated temperature>UPS_body temperature. In some embodiments, the actuator material is heated from body temperature to a temperature above the austenite start temperature (or alternatively above the R-phase start temperature) such that an upper plateau stress of the material in a first state (e.g., thermoelastic martensite or thermoelastic R-phase) is higher than a lower plateau stress of the material in a heated state, which achieves partial free recovery. For example, the actuator material can be aged such that LPS_activated temperature<UPS_body temperature.

The flow control assembly can be formed such that the actuation elements have substantially the same preferred geometric configuration (e.g., memory shape, or length, L0). The flow control assembly can be assembled such that, upon introduction into a patient (e.g., implantation), at least one (e.g., a first) actuation element/shape memory element has been deformed with respect to its preferred geometric configuration (e.g., to have L1≠L0), while at least one other opposing (e.g., a second) actuation element/shape memory element positioned adjacent to the first actuation element is substantially at its preferred geometric configuration (e.g., L0). In other embodiments, however, both the first and second actuation elements may be deformed with respect to their corresponding preferred geometric configuration upon introduction into the patient (e.g., the first actuation element is contracted relative to its preferred geometric configuration and the second actuation element is expanded relative to its preferred geometric configuration).

In some embodiments of the present technology, L1>L0—for example, the deformed first actuation element is elongated with respect to its preferred “shape memory” length. In some embodiments, L1<L0—for example, the deformed first actuation element is compressed with respect to its preferred shape memory length. The flow control assembly can be formed such that, in operation, its overall dimension (e.g., overall length) is substantially fixed (e.g., L0+L1=a constant). For example, (e.g., outermost) ends of the actuation elements can be fixed, such that movement of the actuation elements occurs between the points of fixation. The overall geometry of the actuation elements, along with the lengths, can be selected such that, in operation, deformation within the actuation elements remains below about 10%, about 9%, about 8%, about 7%, or about 6%.

The (e.g., first and second) actuation elements are arranged such that a movement (e.g., deflection or deformation) of the first actuation element/first shape memory element is accompanied by (e.g., causes) an opposing movement of the second actuation element/second shape memory element. The movement can be a deflection or a deformation. In operation, selective heating of the first actuation element of the flow control assembly causes it to move to and/or toward its preferred geometric configuration (e.g., revert from L1 to L0), moving the coupled moveable element. At the same time, the elongation of the first actuation element is accompanied by (e.g., causes) a compression of the second actuation element (e.g., from L0 to L1). The second actuation element is not heated (e.g., remains at body temperature), and therefore the second actuation element deforms (e.g., remains martensitic and compresses). The first actuation element cools following heating, and returns to a state in which it can be plastically deformed. To reverse the configuration of the flow control assembly (e.g., the position of the moveable element), the second actuation element is heated to move to and/or toward its preferred geometric configuration (e.g., from L1 to L0). The return of the second actuation element to its preferred geometric configuration causes the moveable element to move back to its prior position, and compresses the first actuation element (e.g., from L0 to L1). The position of the moveable element for the flow control assembly can be repeatably toggled (e.g., between open and closed) by repeating the foregoing operations. The heating of an actuation element can be accomplished via application of incident energy (e.g., via a laser or inductive coupling). Further, as mentioned above, the source of the incident energy may be external to the patient (e.g., non-invasive).

C. Flow Control Assemblies For Intraocular Shunting Systems

As provided above, the present technology is generally directed to intraocular shunting systems. Such systems include a drainage element (e.g., an elongated flow tube or plate) configured to shunt fluid away from the anterior chamber of the eye. For example, the drainage element can include an inflow portion configured for placement within the anterior chamber (e.g., at a location away from the optical field of view) and an outflow portion configured for placement at a different location of the eye (e.g., at a subconjunctival bleb space). To selectively control fluid flow through the drainage element (e.g., post-implantation), the system can further include a flow control assembly operably coupled to the drainage element. In some embodiments, the flow control assembly includes a rotational control element operably coupled to a portion of the drainage element (e.g., to the outflow or to the inflow portion). The rotational control element can be or include a cam, plate, lever, gate valve, or any other structure capable of rotating to a plurality of different orientations. The orientation of the rotational control element or a component thereof can affect the amount of fluid flow through the portion of the drainage element.

FIG. 2 is a front view of a flow control assembly 200 of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. The flow control assembly 200 includes a rotational control element 202 coupled to an actuation structure 204. The rotational control element 202 can include an elongated member 205 having a first end portion 206 a, a second end portion 206 b, and a cam portion 206 c disposed between the first and second end portions 206 a-b. The elongated member 205 can be configured to rotate about a rotational axis A₁ (e.g., in a clockwise and/or counterclockwise direction). In some embodiments, the cam portion 206 c includes an aperture 208 configured to receive a fastener (e.g., a pin, screw, pivot, etc.—not shown) allowing for rotation of the elongated member 205 about the rotational axis A₁.

The rotational control element 202 can be operably coupled to an outflow portion of a drainage element (not shown) to selectively control fluid flow therethrough (e.g., to modulate pressure within the anterior chamber of the eye). For example, the outflow portion can include one or more apertures formed therein to permit fluid outflow (e.g., similar to the outflow ports 102 described with respect to FIGS. 1A and 1B). The rotational control element 202 can be positioned near or adjacent to the aperture(s) such that, depending on the orientation of the rotational control element 202, one or more apertures can be obstructed or unobstructed by the rotational control element 202. When rotated to a first orientation, the rotational control element 202 can partially or completely cover the aperture(s) to partially or completely obstruct fluid flow therefrom. When rotated to a second orientation, the rotational control element 202 can be spaced away from the aperture(s) such that the aperture(s) are accessible and fluid can flow therefrom with little or no obstruction. As a result, the amount of fluid flow through the outflow portion can vary based on the number of obstructed aperture(s) and/or the extent to which each aperture is obstructed. In other embodiments, the rotational control element 202 is coupled to an inflow portion of a drainage element (not shown) such that one or more inflow apertures (not shown) can be unobstructed or partially to fully obstructed or unobstructed by the rotational control element 202.

In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the elongated member 205 or a component thereof (e.g., the cam portion 206 c, the first end portion 206 a, and/or the second end portion 206b) can be positioned near or adjacent to the aperture(s) of an outflow portion of a drainage element (not shown). When the elongated member 205 is rotated to a first orientation, the cam portion 206 c can partially or completely cover the aperture(s). In some embodiments, when the elongated member 205 is rotated to a second orientation, a notch 209 formed in the cam portion 206 c can be positioned over the aperture(s) such that the cam portion 206 c is spaced apart from the aperture(s) and no longer obstructs fluid flow therethrough.

The actuation structure 204 can be configured to implement rotation of the rotational control element 202. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the actuation structure 204 includes a first actuation element 208 a and a second actuation element 208 b coupled to the rotational control element 202 (e.g., to elongated member 205). The first and second actuation elements 208 a-b can each be carried by a base support 210 and can extend longitudinally between the base support 210 and the rotational control element 202. For example, the first actuation element 208 a can include a first end portion 212 a coupled to the base support 210 and a second end portion 212 b coupled to the first end portion 206 a of the elongated member 205. The second actuation element 208 b can include a first end portion 214 a coupled to the base support 210 and a second end portion 214 b coupled to the second end portion 206 b of the elongated member 205.

In some embodiments, the first and second actuation elements 208 a-b include one or more shape memory materials configured to at least partially transition from a first phase/state (e.g., a martensitic or intermediate state) to a second phase/state (e.g., an intermediate or austenitic state) upon application of energy, as previously described. The first and second actuation elements 208 a-b can each be configured to change in shape or otherwise transform between a first configuration (e.g., a memory shape, a preferred geometry, etc.) and a second configuration (e.g., a shape different from the memory shape, a deformed geometry, etc.) via a shape memory effect (e.g., when heated). For example, in some embodiments, the memory shape is a lengthened configuration, while in other embodiments the memory shape is a shortened configuration.

In the illustrated embodiment, the first actuation element 208 a can be configured to transform to a lengthened configuration when heated to rotatably move the rotational control element 202 along a first direction (e.g., counterclockwise), and the second actuation element 208 b can be configured to transform to a lengthened configuration when heated to rotatably move the rotational control element 202 along a second, opposite direction (e.g., clockwise). In other embodiments, the first actuation element 208 a can be configured to transform to a shortened configuration when heated to rotatably move the rotational control element 202 along a first direction (e.g., clockwise), and the second actuation element 208 b can be configured to transform to a shortened configuration when heated to rotatably move the rotational control element 202 along a second, opposite direction (e.g., counterclockwise). Optionally, the first and second actuation elements 208 a-b can be configured to oppose each other, such that actuation of one actuation element via the shape memory effect produces a corresponding deflection and/or deformation in the other actuation element. For example, transformation of one actuation element into a lengthened configuration can cause the other actuation element to transform into a shortened configuration, and/or transformation of one actuation element into a shortened configuration can cause the other actuation element to transform into a lengthened configuration.

The geometry of the first and second actuation element 208 a-b can be configured in a number of different ways. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the first and second actuation elements 208 a-b each include a plurality of apices or bend regions 216 and a plurality of struts 218 interconnected with each other to form a serpentine or “zig-zag”-shaped structure (reference numbers are shown only for the apices and struts of the first actuation element 208 a merely for purposes of clarity). The first and second actuation elements 208 a-b can each be transformed to the lengthened configuration by moving the apices 216 and/or struts 218 further away from each other (e.g., along a longitudinal direction). Conversely, the first and section actuation elements 208 a-b can each be transformed to the shortened configuration by moving the apices 216 and/or struts 218 closer to each other (e.g., along a longitudinal direction).

In some embodiments, the first and second actuation elements 208 a-b are each individually actuated by applying a stimulus to the entire actuation element. In other embodiments the stimulus can be applied to only a portion of the actuation element. For example, a stimulus can be applied to a plurality of different locations, such as to one or more apices 216 and/or to one or more struts 218 of the selected actuation element(s). In such embodiments, the stimulus can be applied to each of the different locations simultaneously or can be applied to different locations at different times (e.g., sequentially). As a result, the extent of the shape change can be modulated based on the number of locations at which the stimulus is applied. For example, applying a stimulus to a greater number of locations can produce a greater shape change, while applying a stimulus to a fewer number of locations can produce a smaller shape change.

It will be appreciated that the first and second actuation elements 208 a-b can be configured in a number of different ways to allow for rotation-based actuation of the rotational control element 202. For example, although FIG. 2 illustrates the first and second actuation elements 208 a-b as each having four apices 216 and three struts 218, in other embodiments the first and second actuation elements 208 a-b can include a different number of apices (e.g., one, two, three, five, or more) and/or a different number of struts (e.g., one, two, four, five, or more). Additionally, although FIG. 2 illustrates the apices 216 as being curved and the struts 218 as being linear, in other embodiments the apices 216 and/or struts 218 can have other geometries (e.g., curved, linear, curvilinear, angular, etc.).

FIG. 3 is a front view of a flow control assembly 300 of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with another embodiment of the present technology. The flow control assembly 300 can be generally similar to the flow control assembly 200 described with respect to FIG. 2 such that like reference numbers (e.g., rotational control element 202 versus rotational control element 302) are used to identify similar or identical components. Accordingly, discussion of the flow control assembly 300 of FIG. 3 will be limited to those features that differ from the flow control assembly 200 of FIG. 2 .

The flow control assembly 300 includes a rotational control element 302 having an elongated member 305 with a first end portion 306 a, a second end portion 306 b, and a cam portion 306 c therebetween. The first and second end portions 306 a-b can each include a respective retention feature (e.g., first retention feature 320 a and second retention feature 320 b) formed therein. The flow control assembly 300 further includes an actuation structure 304 having a first actuation element 308 a and a second actuation element 308 b. The first actuation element 308 a can include a first end portion 312 a coupled to the base support 310 and a second end portion 312 b engaged with the first retention feature 320 a. The second actuation element 308 b can include a first end portion 314 a coupled to the base support 310 and a second end portion 314 b engaged with the second retention feature 320 b. In some embodiments, the first and second retention features 320 a-b each include a channel formed therein, and the second end portions 312 b, 314 b are each shaped to be received within the corresponding channel. The first and second retention features 320 a-b can be sized larger than the respective second end portions 312 b, 314 b to permit the second end portions 312 b, 314 b to move therewithin. As the first and second actuation elements 308 a-b change in shape (e.g., via the shape memory effect as described herein), the first and second end portions 312 b, 314 b can slide within their respective channels to rotatably move the rotational control element 302.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate a flow control assembly 400 of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 4A is a front view of the assembly 400, FIG. 4B is a front view of a first plate member 420 of the assembly 400, and FIG. 4C is a front view of a second plate member 430 of the assembly 400 positioned within the first plate member 420.

Referring first to FIG. 4A, the flow control assembly 400 includes a rotational control element 402 coupled to an actuation structure 404. The rotational control element 402 can include an elongate member 405 configured to rotate to a plurality of different orientations (e.g., about a rotational axis A₂). The actuation structure 404 can include a first actuation element 408 a and a second actuation element 408 b coupled to the elongate member 405 and carried by a base support 410. The actuation structure 404 and elongate member 405 can be identical or generally similar to the corresponding components previously described with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3 . Accordingly, discussion of the flow control assembly 400 of FIG. 4 will be limited to those features that differ from the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 .

Referring to FIGS. 4A-4C together, the rotational control element 402 further includes a first plate member 420 and second plate member 430 configured to rotatably move relative to the first plate member 420. As best seen in FIG. 4B, the first plate member 420 can have a generally flattened shape and can include a flow inlet 422, a flow outlet 424, and a recessed portion 426 between the flow inlet 422 and the flow outlet 424. The flow inlet 422 and flow outlet 424 can each include one or more apertures, openings, ports, channels, etc. formed in a peripheral portion 428 of the first plate member 420 surrounding the recessed portion 426. The flow inlet 422 can be fluidly coupled to an outflow and/or inflow portion of a drainage element (e.g., for shunting fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye—not shown). The flow outlet 424 can be fluidly coupled to a location in the eye (e.g., a subconjunctival bleb space).

As best seen in FIG. 4C, the second plate member 430 can have a generally flattened shape and can be positioned within the recessed portion 426 of the first plate member 420. The positioning of the second plate member 430 within the recessed portion 426 can define a flow channel 432 fluidly coupling the flow inlet 422 and the flow outlet 424. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the second plate member 430 is shaped similarly to the recessed portion 426 but has a smaller size (e.g., smaller surface area) such that the flow channel 432 is at least partially defined by the gap between the second plate member 430 and the peripheral portion 428 of the first plate member 420. In the illustrated embodiment, the gap extends around the entire periphery of the second plate member 430. In other embodiments the gap can extend only partially around the periphery of the second plate member 430.

The rotational control element 402 can be configured to control the amount of fluid flow through the flow channel 432 based on the orientation of the second plate member 430 relative to the first plate member 420. In some embodiments, the second plate member 430 can be configured to rotate about a rotational axis A₂ (e.g., in a clockwise and/or counterclockwise direction) relative to the first plate member 420. Optionally, the second plate member 430 can be rotatably coupled to the first plate member 420, such as by a fastener (e.g., a pin, screw, pivot, etc.—not shown) received within an aperture 434 formed in the second plate member 430.

The second plate member 430 can have a shape configured such that the geometry (e.g., size and/or shape) of the flow channel 432 changes as the second plate member 430 rotates. As a result, fluid flow through the flow channel 432 can be selectively adjusted by rotating the second plate member 430 to a plurality of different orientations. For example, rotation of the second plate member 430 can cause a cross-sectional area of the flow channel 432 to increase or decrease. As another example, rotation of the second plate member 430 can cause one or more portions of the flow channel 432 to become obstructed or unobstructed. As yet another example, rotation of the second plate member 430 can cause the flow inlet 422 and/or flow outlet 424 to become obstructed or unobstructed. In the illustrated embodiment, the second plate member 430 includes a protruding portion 436. When in a first orientation (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4C), the protruding portion 436 can be positioned away from the flow outlet 424, thus allowing fluid flow therethrough with little or no obstruction. When rotated to a second orientation (e.g., rotated clockwise), the protruding portion 436 can move near or adjacent the flow outlet 424 and/or into a portion of the flow channel 432 near the flow outlet 424, thereby partially or completely obstructing fluid flow through the flow outlet 424.

Referring again to FIG. 4A, the rotation of the second plate member 430 can be actuated by the actuation structure 404. In some embodiments, the second plate member 430 is coupled to the actuation structure 404 via elongated member 405. For example, the first and second actuation elements 408 a-b can be coupled to the elongated member 405 to control the rotation thereof. The elongated member 405 can be coupled to the second plate member 430 such that rotation of the elongated member 405 produces a corresponding rotation of the second plate member 430 (e.g., in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction about rotational axis A₂). In other embodiments the elongated member 405 can be omitted such that the actuation structure 404 is directly coupled to the second plate member 430 to control the rotation thereof. The techniques by which the actuation structure 404 actuates the rotation of the elongated member 405 and/or second plate member 430 can be identical or generally similar to the embodiments previously described with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3 . For example, the first and second actuation elements 408 a-b can include shape memory materials configured to change in shape when heated to rotate the elongated member 405 and/or second plate member 430.

It will be appreciated that the flow control assembly 400 can be configured in a number of different ways. For example, although FIG. 4A-4C illustrate the first plate member 420 as having a generally circular shape, in other embodiments the first plate member 420 can have a different shape (e.g., elliptical, square, rectangular, polygonal, etc.). The shape of the second plate member 430 can also be varied as desired. Additionally, the geometry of the recessed portion 426 and/or second plate member 430 can be configured in a number of different ways to selectively modify the geometry and/or flow resistance characteristics of the flow channel 432. For example, in other embodiments the protruding portion 436 can be located near the flow inlet 422 instead of the flow outlet 424, or the second plate member 430 can include a plurality of protruding portions at different locations relative to the flow inlet 422, flow outlet 424, and/or flow channel 432.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are a top view and a side cross-sectional view, respectively, of a flow control assembly 500 of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the present technology. Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B together, the flow control assembly 500 includes a rotational control element 502 coupled to an actuation structure 504 (the actuation structure 504 is omitted from FIG. 5B merely for purposes of clarity). The rotational control element 502 can include a first plate member 520 coupled to a second plate member 530. The first plate member 520 can be positioned beneath the second plate member 530. The first and second plate members 520, 530 can each have a generally flattened shape (e.g., a circular, elliptical, square, rectangular, polygonal, or other shape). In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second plate members 520, 530 have the same shape but with different sizes (e.g., the first plate member 520 is larger than the second plate member 530). In other embodiments, the first and second plate members 520, 530 can have different shapes.

The first plate member 520 can include a first flow channel 522. The first flow channel 522 can be fluidly coupled to a location in the eye (e.g., a subconjunctival bleb space). As best seen in FIG. 5B, the first flow channel 522 can include an exterior section 524 a located outside the first plate member 520 and an interior section 524 b formed in the first plate member 520. In the illustrated embodiment, the exterior section 524 a is coupled to a lateral surface 526 a of the first plate member 520 and the interior section 524 b extends through the first plate member 520 from the lateral surface 526 a to an upper surface 526 b of the first plate member 520. In other embodiments the exterior section 524 a can be coupled to a different portion of the first plate member 520 (e.g., to a different lateral surface or a bottom surface) and the interior section 524 b can extend through the first plate member 520 from that portion to the upper surface 526 b. Alternatively, the exterior section 524 a can be omitted, such that the first flow channel 522 only includes the interior section 524 b.

The second plate member 530 can include a second flow channel 532. The second flow channel 532 can be fluidly coupled to an outflow portion of a drainage element (e.g., for shunting fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye—not shown). As best seen in FIG. 5B, the second flow channel 532 can include an exterior section 534 a located outside the second plate member 530 and an interior section 534 b formed in the second plate member 530. In the illustrated embodiment, the exterior section 534 a is coupled to an upper surface 536 a of the second plate member 530 and the interior section 534 b extends through the second plate member 530 from the upper surface 536 a to a lower surface 536 b of the second plate member 530. In other embodiments the exterior section 534 a can be coupled to a different portion of the second plate member 530 (e.g., to a lateral surface) and the interior section 534 b can extend through the second plate member 530 from that portion to the lower surface 526 b. Alternatively, the exterior section 534 a can be omitted, such that the second flow channel 532 only includes the interior section 534 b.

In some embodiments, the second plate member 530 is configured to rotatably move relative to the first plate member 520 (e.g., about rotational axis A₃) to change the position of the second flow channel 532 relative to the first flow channel 522. As a result, depending on the orientation of the second plate member 530 relative to the first plate member 520, the first and second flow channels 522, 532 can be aligned with each other (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5B) to permit fluid therethrough, or can be offset from each other to reduce or prevent fluid flow therethrough. For example, when the first and second flow channels 522, 532 are aligned, the interior section 524 b of the first flow channel 522 can be aligned with and fluidly coupled to the interior section 534 b of the second flow channel 532, thereby creating an unobstructed flow path permitting fluid flow therethrough. As a result, fluid can flow from a portion of the eye (e.g., the anterior chamber), through the second flow channel 532, through the first flow channel 522, and out to a different location of the eye. Conversely, when the first and second flow channel 522, 532 are offset from each other, the interior section 524 b of the first flow channel 522 can be offset and fluidly decoupled from the interior section 534 b of the second flow channel 532, thereby reducing or preventing fluid flow therethrough.

Referring again to FIG. 5A, the rotation of the second plate member 530 can be actuated by the actuation structure 504. The actuation structure 504 can include a first actuation element 508 a and a second actuation element 508 b. In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second actuation elements 508 a-b each include respective first end portions 512 a, 514 a coupled to the second plate member 530 and respective second end portions 512 b, 514 b coupled to the first plate member 520. In other embodiments, the first end portions 512 a, 514 a can be coupled to the first plate member 520 and the second end portions 512 b, 514 b can be coupled to the second plate member 530. The first and second actuation elements 508 a-b can each be elongated structures (e.g., struts, springs such as flat springs or helical springs wrapped around a guidewire, coils, wires, etc.) extending at least partially along the periphery of the second plate member 530. In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second actuation elements 508 a-b are positioned at opposite peripheral portions of the second plate member 530.

In some embodiments, the first and second actuation elements 508 a-b include one or more shape memory materials configured to at least partially transition from a first phase/state (e.g., a martensitic or intermediate state) to a second phase/state (e.g., an intermediate or austenitic state) upon application of energy, as previously described. The first and second actuation elements 208 a-b can each be configured to change in shape or otherwise transform between a first configuration (e.g., a memory shape, a preferred geometry, etc.) and a second configuration (e.g., a shape different from the memory shape, a deformed geometry, etc.) via a shape memory effect (e.g., when heated) to drive the rotation of the second plate member 530. For example, in some embodiments, the memory shape is a lengthened configuration, while in other embodiments the memory shape is a shortened configuration.

For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the first actuation element 508 a is configured to transform to a lengthened configuration when heated to rotate the second plate member 530 along a first direction (e.g., clockwise), and the second actuation element 508 b is configured to transform to a lengthened configuration when heated to rotate the second plate member 530 along a second, opposite direction (e.g., counterclockwise). Alternatively or in combination, the first actuation element 508 a can be configured to transform to a shortened configuration when heated to rotate the second plate member 530 along a first direction (e.g., counterclockwise), and the second actuation element 508 b can be configured to transform to a lengthened configuration when heated to rotate the second plate member 530 along a second, opposite direction (e.g., clockwise). Optionally, the first and second actuation elements 508 a-b can be configured to oppose each other, such that actuation of one actuation element via the shape memory effect produces a corresponding deflection and/or deformation in the other actuation element. For example, transformation of one actuation element into a lengthened configuration can cause the other actuation element to transform into a shortened configuration, and/or transformation of one actuation element into a shortened configuration can cause the other actuation element to transform into a lengthened configuration. The changes in shape of the first and second actuation elements 508 a-b can drive the rotation of the first plate member 530 to control the alignment of the first and second flow channels 522, 532.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate a flow control assembly 600 of an intraocular shunting system configured in accordance with another embodiment of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 6A is a front view of the assembly 600 in an unloaded and/or uncompressed configuration, FIG. 6B is a front view of the assembly 600 in a loaded and/or compressed configuration, and FIG. 6C is a front view of the assembly 600 in a rotated configuration.

Referring to FIGS. 6A-6C together, the flow control assembly 600 includes a frame structure 602. The frame structure 602 can include a first strut 604 a and a second strut 604 b coupled to each other by an upper segment 606. The first and second struts 604 a-b can each have a generally linear shape. The first and second struts 604 a-b can each extend along a longitudinal axis of the frame structure 602 and couple respectively to first and second curved segments 608 a-b. The first and second curved segments 608 a-b can be connected to each other by a base segment 610. The base segment 610 can be coupled to a pin element 612. The pin element 612 can be an elongated, generally linear structure that extends along the longitudinal axis of the frame structure 602 towards the upper segment 606 and terminates in an end portion 614. In some embodiments, the first and second struts 604 a-b, upper segment 606, first and second curved segments 608 a-b, base segment 610, and pin element 612 are integrally formed with each other such that the frame structure 602 is manufactured as a single unitary component. In other embodiments, one or more of the components of the frame structure 602 are manufactured separately and subsequently coupled to each other to form the frame structure 602.

The frame structure 602 can initially be in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration (e.g., an unloaded and/or uncompressed configuration as shown in FIG. 6A) in which the pin element 612 is positioned away from the upper segment 606. The frame structure 602 can subsequently be placed into a tensioned configuration (e.g., a loaded and/or compressed configuration as shown in FIG. 6B) by moving the base segment 610 and pin element 612 towards the upper segment 606 until the end portion 614 of the pin element 612 is engaged with a retention feature 616 formed in the upper segment 606. For example, the retention feature 616 can be a notch, groove, aperture, or any other structure suitable for retaining end portion 614 therein. The end portion 614 of the pin element 612 can include a flange, lip, protrusion, or any other structure suitable for engaging the retention feature 616 to secure the pin element 612 thereto. In some embodiments, the frame structure 602 is manufactured in the non-tensioned configuration and subsequently placed into the tensioned configuration for use (e.g., prior to, concurrently with, or after implantation in the patient's eye).

In some embodiments, the base segment 610 serves as a rotational control element for selectively controlling fluid flow through a drainage element (e.g., for shunting fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye—not shown). For example, the base segment 610 can be positioned near or adjacent to one or more apertures of an outflow or inflow portion of the drainage element (not shown). When in a first orientation (e.g., as shown in FIG. 6B), the base segment 610 can partially or completely cover the aperture(s) to partially or completely obstruct fluid flow therefrom. When rotated to a second orientation (e.g., along a counterclockwise direction as shown in FIG. 6C), the base segment 610 can be spaced apart from the aperture(s) to permit fluid flow therefrom with little or no obstruction.

The first curved segment 608 a and/or second curved segment 608 b can serve as an actuation structure for rotating the base segment 610 to selectively adjust fluid flow. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the second curved segment 608 b is made from one or more shape memory materials configured to at least partially transition from a first phase/state (e.g., a martensitic or intermediate state) to a second phase/state (e.g., an intermediate or austenitic state) upon application of energy, as previously described. When the energy is applied, the second curved segment 608 b can undergo a phase transition causing it to stiffen and/or change in shape to a contracted configuration. As a result, the base segment 610 can rotate/pivot along a counterclockwise direction towards the second curved segment 608 b, e.g., as shown in FIG. 6C and indicated by arrow A. Optionally, in some embodiments, the first curved segment 608 a is also made from a shape memory material configured to actuate rotation of the base segment 610. When energy is applied to the first curved segment 608 a, it can stiffen and/or change in shape to a contracted configuration, thus causing the base segment 610 to rotate/pivot along a clockwise direction towards the first curved segment 608 a. As a result, the first and second curved segments 608 a-b can oppose each other to allow the base segment 610 to be rotated/pivoted in two opposite directions.

FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate an intraocular shunting system 10 (the “system 10”) configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 7A is a front view of the system 10, FIG. 7B is an enlarged front view of a flow control assembly 700 of the system 10 taken from the region identified in FIG. 7A, FIG. 7C is an enlarged front view of an actuator 701 a of the flow control assembly 700, FIG. 7D is an enlarged front view of the actuator 701 in a first configuration, and FIG. 7E is an enlarged front view of the actuator 701 in a second, different configuration.

Referring first to FIG. 7A, the system 10 includes a flow control assembly 700 and a casing, plate, or drainage element 750. The drainage element 750 can extend between a first end portion 750 a and a second end portion 750 b, and can have a generally flat profile. When implanted in a patient's eye, the first end portion 750 a can reside at least partially within an interior region of the eye (e.g., the anterior chamber), and the second end portion 750 b can reside at least partially within and/or be in fluid communication with a desired outflow location (e.g., a subconjunctival bleb space).

In some embodiments, the drainage element 750 can include multiple discrete components. For example, the drainage element 750 may include a generally rigid inner structure 751 (e.g., a plastic or other rigid block, plate, etc.) that encases or is configured to encase the flow control assembly 700 and is positioned at the first end portion 750 a of the drainage element 750. The drainage element 750 may further include a semi-flexible outer structure 753 (e.g., a silicone or other flexible shell, casing, etc.) that holds the first inner structure and extends between the first end portion 750 a and the second end portion 750 b of the drainage element 750. For example, the generally rigid inner structure 751 can have a length between about 1 mm to about 5 mm, such as between about 2 mm and 3 mm, and the semi-flexible outer structure 753 may have a length between about 6 mm and about 13 mm, such as between about 8 mm and 10 mm. In such embodiments, the generally rigid inner structure 751 may form a fluid seal with the semi-flexible outer structure 753 to prevent fluid from leaking therebetween.

The drainage element 750 can have a plurality of lumens or channels extending between the first end portion 750 a and the second end portion 750 b. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the drainage element 750 includes a first channel 752 a, a second channel 752 b, and a third channel 752 c (collectively referred to herein as the channels 752). As described in greater detail below, aqueous can drain through the channels 752 from the anterior chamber to the desired outflow location when the system 10 is implanted in the patient's eye. The channels 752 can have the same or different cross-sectional dimensions and/or areas. For example, in some embodiments the first channel 752 a has a first diameter, the second channel 752 b has a second diameter greater than the first diameter, and the third channel 752 c has a third diameter greater than the second diameter. In embodiments in which the channels 752 have different dimensions (e.g., diameters), the fluid resistance through each of the channels 752 may be different. Although shown as having three channels 752, the system 10 can include more or fewer channels 752, such as one, two, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more.

As described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 7B, the flow control assembly 700 can include one or more actuators for controlling the flow of aqueous into the channels 752. For example, the flow control assembly 700 can include a first actuator 701 a for controlling the flow of aqueous through the first channel 752 a, a second actuator 701 b for controlling the flow of aqueous through the second channel 752 b, and a third actuator 701 c for controlling the flow of aqueous through the third channel 752 c (collectively referred to as the actuators 701). Although shown as having three actuators 701, the system 10 can include more or fewer actuators 701, such as one, two, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more. In some embodiments, the number of actuators 701 can be same as the number of channels 752, although in other embodiments the system 10 can have a different number of actuators 701 and channels 752. In some embodiments, the system 10 includes a single actuator 701 for controlling flow through a single channel extending through a drainage element.

Referring now to FIG. 7B, the actuators 701 are positioned in respective chambers defined by the drainage element 750 and one or more internal wall structures 730 (e.g., which may be part of the generally rigid inner structure 751). For example, the first actuator 701 a is positioned in a first chamber 732 a, the second actuator 701 b is positioned in a second chamber 732 b, and the third actuator 701 c is positioned in a third chamber 732 c (collectively referred to herein as chambers 732). The first chamber 732 a can be in fluid communication with the first channel 752 a (e.g., via a first port 734 a), the second chamber 732 b can be in fluid communication with the second channel 752 b (e.g., via a second port 734 b), and the third chamber 732 c can be in fluid communication with the third channel 752 c (e.g., via a third port 734 c). In some embodiments, the chambers 732 can be fluidly isolated from one another to prevent fluid from flowing between the chambers 732. As provided below, fluidly isolating the chambers 732 enables the system 10 to provide a more titratable/granular therapy by enabling a healthcare provider to select between a plurality of therapy levels.

The drainage element 750 can include a first fluid inlet 716 a (shown as a single aperture 716a) that in at least some configurations can fluidly connect the first chamber 732 a to an environment external to the first end portion 750 a of the drainage element 750. The drainage element 750 can further include a second fluid inlet 716 b (shown as two apertures) that in at least some configurations can fluidly connect the second chamber 732 b to the environment external to the first end portion 750 a of the drainage element 750. The drainage element 750 can further include a third fluid inlet 716 c (shown as four apertures 716 c) that in at least some configurations can fluidly connect the third chamber 732 c to the environment external to the first end portion 750 a of the drainage element 750. When the system 10 is implanted in the eye, the environment external to the first end portion 750 a of the drainage element 750 can include the anterior chamber of the eye. Accordingly, in at least some configurations, aqueous can flow into the chambers 732 via the respective fluid inlets in the drainage element 750. The aqueous can then drain from the chambers 732 via the respective channels 752. As described in greater detail below, the fluid resistance of the system 10, and thus the drainage of aqueous through the system 10, can be selectively controlled by selectively blocking and/or unblocking the fluid inlets 716 by selectively actuating the actuators 701.

The drainage element 750 can also include a first transmission region 756 a and a second transmission region 756 b (collectively referred to as transmission regions 756). In some embodiment, the transmission regions 756 can have a lower absorbance than the surrounding structure such that energy (e.g., light, laser energy, etc.) can pass through the transmission region with relatively less absorbance or deflection. In some embodiments, the transmission regions 756 can be a different material and/or different properties than the surrounding structure. In some embodiments, the transmission regions 756 are composed of the same material as the surrounding structure, but nevertheless provide a target for a user to direct energy toward. In some embodiments, the transmission regions 756 are an opening in the drainage element 750. When the first actuator 701 a is secured to the drainage element 750, target regions on the first actuator 701 a align with the transmission regions 756, as described below. This enables energy delivered from a source external to the drainage element 750 to pass through the transmission regions 756 and energize (e.g., heat) the targets.

The drainage element 750 can further include a window 758. The window 758 may be composed of a transparent or semi-transparent material that permits a user (e.g., a physician) to visualize the orientation of the actuators 701. In some embodiments, the window 758 may align with the target regions of the actuators 701, and the transmission regions 756 can be omitted. In embodiments in which the drainage element 750 includes the generally rigid inner structure 751 and the semi-flexible outer structure 753, the window 758 may be an opening in the semi-flexible outer structure 753, and the fluid inlets 716 may be in the generally rigid inner structure 751.

The first actuator 701 a includes a projection 702 (e.g., a finger, a tongue, a lever, a gating element, a control element, etc.), a first actuation element 708 a, a second actuation element 708 b, a first target 710 a, and a second target 710 b. The first actuation element 708 a extends between the first target 710 a and a proximal region 702 a of the projection 702, and the second actuation element 708 b extends between the second target 710 b and the proximal region 702 a of the projection 702. The projection 702 extends from the proximal region 702 a to a distal region 702 b configured to interface with the first fluid inlet 716 a to control the flow of fluid therethrough. In the illustrated embodiment, the projection 702 extends toward the first target 710 a and the second target 710 b (e.g., the distal region 702 b is between the proximal region 702 a and the first and second targets). In other embodiments, the projection 702 extends away from the first target 710 a and the second target 710 b (e.g., the proximal region 702 a is between the distal region 702 b and the first and second targets). In such embodiments, the first fluid inlet 716 a would also be positioned distally (e.g., closer to the first port 734 a and the first channel 752 a) such that the distal region 702 b still is configured to interface with the first fluid inlet 716 a. Regardless of its orientation, the distal region 702 b of the projection is a free end (e.g., it is not connected to another portion of the first actuator 701 a or other portion of the flow control assembly 700) such that it can pivotably/rotatably move relative to the drainage element 750 and the first fluid inlet 716 a, as described in greater detail below. In some embodiments, the first actuation element 708 a and the second actuation element 708 b are connected via a connector region. In such embodiments, the projection 702 can extend from the connector region. The connector region can be contiguous with the first actuation element 708 a, the second actuation element 708 b, and/or the projection 702, or can be a separate element coupled to the first actuation element 708 a, the second actuation element 708 b, and/or the projection 702 via suitable connection techniques.

The first actuator 701 a can be secured to or otherwise at least partially restrained relative to the drainage element 750. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the proximal region 702 a of the projection 702 is pivotably/rotatably secured to the drainage element 750 via a restraint 720 (e.g., an anchor, pin, etc.) such that the projection 702 can pivot/rotate relative to the drainage element 750. Accordingly, the projection 702 can also be referred to as a rotational control element. In some embodiments, the proximal region 702 a can include an aperture (not shown) through which the restraint 720 can be inserted to facilitate coupling of the proximal region 702 a to the drainage element 750 via the restraint 720.

The first target 710 a is secured to drainage element 750 via a first target first restraint 724 a (e.g., an anchor, pin, etc.) and a corresponding first aperture 712 a in the first target 710 a. The first target first restraint 724 a and the first aperture 712 a are shown as decoupled in FIG. 7B to more clearly illustrate both components. However, as shown in FIG. 7C—which illustrates the first actuator 701 a and select restraints with the other features of the system 10 omitted for clarity—the first target first restraint 724 a is configured to extend through the first aperture 712 a (not visible in FIG. 7C) to secure the first target 710 a to the drainage element 750. Accordingly, securing the first actuator 701 a to the drainage element 750 therefore includes deforming it (e.g., stretching it) relative to its preferred or fabricated geometry such that the first aperture 712 a aligns with the first target first restraint 724 a, and securing it to the drainage element using one or more pins or anchors. As described in greater detail below, this deformation tensions the first actuation element 708 a and prepares it to undergo a geometric change when the first target 710 a is heated. The second target 710 b is also secured to the drainage element 750 via a second target first restraint 724 b and a corresponding second aperture 712 b in the second target 710 b. The second target first restraint 724 b and the second aperture 712 b are shown as decoupled in FIG. 7B to more clearly illustrate both components. However, as shown in FIG. 7C, the second target first restraint 724 b is configured to extend through the second aperture 712 b (not visible in FIG. 7C) to secure the second target 710 b to the drainage element 750. Accordingly, securing the first actuator 701 a to the drainage element 750 therefore includes deforming it (e.g., stretching it) relative to its preferred or fabricated geometry such that the second aperture 712 b aligns with the second target first restraint 724 b, and securing it to the drainage element 750 using one or more pins or anchors. As described in greater detail below, this deformation tensions the second actuation element 708 b and prepares it to undergo a geometric change when the second target 710 b is heated.

Accordingly, in the illustrated embodiment, the first actuator 701 a is anchored to the drainage element 750 in at least three locations/regions (e.g., at the first target 710 a, at the second target 710 b, and at the proximal region 702 a of the projection 702). Without being bound by theory, anchoring the first actuator 701 a to the drainage element 750 at three locations or regions permits the first actuator 701 a to operate via a pivoting motion that, as described below, can translate a relatively small movement of a first portion of the actuator (e.g., the first actuation element 708 a) into a relatively large movement of a second portion of the actuator (e.g., the distal region 702 b of the projection 702). Anchoring the first actuator 701 a at three locations also permits the first target 710 a and the second target 710 b to be substantially thermally isolated (as opposed to if the first target 710 a and the second target 710 b were directly connected and anchored at a single location), which enables the first actuation element 708 a and the second actuation element 708 b to be selectively and independently actuated. In other embodiments, the first actuator 701 a can be anchored to the drainage element 750 at fewer or more positions, such as one, two, four, five, six, seven, eight, or more locations. Moreover, although shown as being anchored by first and second restraints 724, 726, the first and second targets 710 a, 710 b can be anchored via other suitable means. For example, in some embodiments the first and second targets 710 a, 710 b can be connected to an interior surface of the drainage element 750 via an adhesive (e.g., glue, tape, staple, etc.).

As best shown in FIG. 7C, the first target 710 a can also be at least partially restrained by a first target second restraint 726 a, and the second target 710 b can also be at least partially restrained by a second target second restraint 726 b. The first target second restraint 726 a does not necessarily directly couple the first actuator 701 a to the drainage element 750, but rather reduces or prevents the first target 710 a and/or the second actuation element 708 a from rotating or bending inwardly toward the projection 702. Likewise, the second target second restraint 726 b does not necessarily directly couple the first actuator 701 a to the drainage element 750, but rather reduces or prevents the second target 710 b from rotating or bending inwardly toward the projection 702.

In some embodiments, the first actuation element 708 a may optionally be at least partially restrained by a first actuation element restraint 728 a, and the second actuation element 708 b may optionally be at least partially restrained by a second actuation element restraint 728 b. Like the first target second restraint 726 a, the first actuation element restraint 728 a does not necessarily directly couple the first actuation element 708 a to the drainage element 750, but nevertheless can prevent or reduce the first actuation element 708 a from bowing or otherwise migrating inwardly toward the projection 702. Likewise, the second actuation element restraint 728 b does not necessarily directly couple the second actuation element 708 b to the drainage element 750, but nevertheless can prevent or reduce the second actuation element 708 b from bowing or otherwise migrating inwardly toward the projection 702. As a result of the first actuation element restraint 728 a, the first actuation element 708 a includes a first (e.g., generally linear) region 708 a ₁ extending from the first target 710 a and a second (e.g., non-linear or curved region) 708 a ₂ extending between the first region 708 a ₁ and the projection 702. Likewise, as a result of the second actuation element restraint 728 b, the second actuation element 708 b includes a first (e.g., generally linear) region 708 b ₁ extending from the second target 710 b and a second (e.g., non-linear or curved region) region 708 b ₂ extending between the first region 708 b ₁ and the projection 702. The first actuation element 708 a and the second actuation element 708 b may also be at least partially constrained by the walls 730 shown in FIG. 7B (e.g., preventing external bending or flexion of the first region 708 a ₁ and the first region 708 b ₁). By at least partially constraining the actuation elements 708 from flexing inwardly or outwardly in the first regions 708 a ₁, 708 b ₁, more of the strain in the actuator 701 a is translated into a larger displacement of the projection 702 during actuation of the first actuator 701 a, described below.

The first actuation element 708 a and the second actuation element 708 b generally act in opposition. For example, as described in greater detail below, the first actuation element 708 a can be actuated to rotate the projection 702 in a first direction (e.g., clockwise) to change (e.g., decrease) the fluid resistance through the first fluid inlet 716 a (e.g., by unblocking, at least partially unblocking, or further unblocking the first fluid inlet 716 a). The second actuation element 708 b can be actuated to rotate the projection 702 in a second direction (e.g., counterclockwise) generally opposite the first direction to change (e.g., increase) the fluid resistance through the first fluid inlet 716 b (e.g., by blocking, further blocking, and/or interfering with the first fluid inlet 716 a).

To facilitate the foregoing movement of the projection 702, the first actuator 701 a can be composed at least partially of a shape memory material or alloy (e.g., nitinol). Accordingly, the first actuator 701 a (and/or select regions thereof) can be transitionable at least between a first material phase or state (e.g., a martensitic state, a R-phase, a composite state between martensitic and R-phase, etc.) and a second material phase or state (e.g., an austenitic state, an R-phase state, a composite state between austenitic and R-phase, etc.). In the first material state, the first actuator 701 a or select region thereof may be deformable (e.g., plastic, malleable, compressible, expandable, etc.). In the second material state, the first actuator 701 a or select region thereof may have a preference toward a specific preferred geometry (e.g., original geometry, manufactured or fabricated geometry, heat set geometry, etc.). As described in greater detail below, select regions of the first actuator 701 a can be transitioned between the first material state and the second material state by applying energy (e.g., heat) to the first actuator 701 a to heat the assembly above a transition temperature. In some embodiments, the transition temperature is a temperature greater than an average body temperature (e.g., an average temperature in a human eye).

In some embodiments, the first actuation element 708 a and the second actuation element 708 b of the first actuator 701 a can be selectively and independently actuated (e.g., transitioned between the first material state and the second material state). For example, to actuate the first actuation element 708 a, heat/energy can be applied to the first target 710 a, such as from an energy source positioned external to the patient's eye (e.g., a laser). The heat applied to the first target 710 a spreads through at least a portion of the first actuation element 708 a, which can heat the first actuation element 708 a above its transition temperature. To actuate the second actuation element 708 b heat/energy can be applied to the second target 710 b. The heat applied to the second target 710 b spreads through the second actuation element 708 b, which can heat at least the portion of the second actuation element 708 b above its transition temperature.

FIGS. 7D and 7E illustrate the first actuator 701 a after actuation of the first actuation element 708 a and the second actuation element 708 b, respectively. If the first actuation element 708 a is deformed relative to its preferred geometry (e.g., as shown in FIG. 7B), actuating the first actuation element 708 a causes the first actuation element 708 a to move toward its preferred geometry. For example, if the first actuation element 708 a is stretched (e.g., tensioned) relative to its preferred geometry, actuating the first actuation element 708 a causes it to contract (e.g., shorten). The contraction of the first actuation element 708 a generally occurs in the second non-linear region 708 a ₂ because the first generally linear region 708 a ₁ is held in place via one or more restraints (e.g., the first actuation element restraint 728 a). Additionally, because the first actuator 701 a is rotatably coupled to the drainage element 750 at the restraint 720, contracting the first actuation element 708 a induces a rotational motion in the projection 702. In particular, the distal region 702 b of the projection 702 is rotated in a clockwise direction (as shown by arrow A) toward the second actuation element 708 b. This can transition the projection 702 from a first position in which it confers a first fluid resistance through the first fluid inlet 716 a to and/or toward a second position in which it confers a second fluid resistance through the first fluid inlet 716 b that is less than the first fluid resistance. For example, the projection 702 may block or substantially block the first fluid inlet 716 a in the first position, and unblock or at least partially unblock the first fluid inlet 716 a in the second position. Following actuation of the first actuation element 708 a, the projection 702 may recoil (e.g., rotate in a counterclockwise direction) at least slightly toward the first position, but nevertheless remains rotated downwardly relative to the first position such that the first fluid inlet 716 a remains at least partially unblocked. In other embodiments, the projection 702 remains in the second position without exhibiting substantial recoil. In addition to moving the projection 702 toward the second actuation element 708 b, actuating the first actuation element 708 a can also induce a corresponding deformation (e.g., stretching, lengthening, tensioning, etc.) in the second actuation element 708 b, which remains in the first material state and thus is generally malleable (e.g., actuating the first actuation element 708 a decreases strain in the first actuation element 708 a and increases strain in the second actuation element 708 b).

The operation can be reversed by actuating the second actuation element 708 b, causing it to contract (e.g., shorten) toward its preferred geometry, as shown in FIG. 7E. The contraction of the second actuation element 708 b predominantly occurs in the second non-linear region 708 b ₂ because the first generally linear region 708 b ₁ is held in place via one or more restraints (e.g., the second actuation element restraint 728 b). Because the first actuator 701 a is rotatably secured at restraint 720, contracting the second actuation element 708 b induces a rotational motion in the projection 702. In particular, the distal region 702 b of the projection 702 is rotated in a counterclockwise direction (as shown by arrow B) toward the first actuation element 708 a. This can transition the projection 702 from the second position conferring the second relatively lower fluid resistance through the first fluid inlet 716 a to and or toward the first position conferring the first relatively higher fluid resistance through the first fluid inlet 716 a. In some embodiments, the projection 702 may rotate in a counterclockwise direction to a third position between the first fluid inlet 716 a and the first actuation element 708 a when the second actuation element 708 b is actuated. Accordingly, in some embodiments the system 10 includes a mechanical or other stopping feature that is configured to prevent the projection 702 from rotating too far in the counterclockwise direction, which may cause the projection 702 to not block the first fluid inlet 716 a upon actuation of the second target 710 b. The mechanical stop can be configured to stop counterclockwise rotation of the projection 702 once the projection 702 blocks or substantially blocks the first fluid inlet 716 a following actuation of the second actuation element 708 b.

Accordingly, the first actuation element 708 a and the second actuation element 708 b can be selectively and independently actuated to block or unblock the first fluid inlet 716 a to control the flow of fluid therethrough. In some embodiments, the projection 702 can be moved to any number of positions between fully blocking and fully unblocking the first fluid inlet 716 a to provide a variety of different outflow resistance levels by incrementally adjusting the projection 702 relative to the first fluid inlet 716 a. Additional details regarding the operation of shape memory actuators are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2020/0229982 and International Patent Application Nos. PCT/US20/55144 and PCT/US20/55141, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

In some embodiments, the first actuator 701 a can be a unitary or integral structure (e.g., fabricated from a single piece of material, fabricated using a vapor deposition process, etc.). To assemble the flow control assembly 700, the first actuator 701 a can be tensioned (e.g., stretched, lengthened, expanded, etc.) and secured to the drainage element 750 via the restraints while in the first material state. This at least partially deforms the actuation elements 708 relative to their preferred geometries. For example, as described above, both the first actuation element 708 a and the second actuation element 708 b are stretched (e.g., lengthened) relative to their preferred geometries when loaded onto the drainage element 750. In other embodiments, the first actuator 701 a can be compressed and secured to the drainage element 750, rather than tensioned.

Although the foregoing description is directed to the first actuator 701 a, the description can also apply to the second actuator 701 b and/or the third actuator 701 c. Accordingly, the second actuator 701 b and/or the third actuator 701 c can be the same as, or at least substantially similar to, the first actuator 701 a. The drainage of aqueous through the system 10 can therefore be selectively controlled by selectively blocking and/or unblocking the fluid inlets 716 using the actuators 701. For example, to provide a first level of therapy having a first drainage rate and a first flow resistance, the first fluid inlet 716 a can be accessible/unblocked, while the second fluid inlet 716 b and the third fluid inlet 716 c remain inaccessible/blocked. To provide a second level of therapy having a second drainage rate that is greater than the first drainage rate (e.g., a second flow resistance less than the first flow resistance), the second fluid inlet 716 b can be accessible/unblocked, while the first fluid inlet 716 a and the third fluid inlet 716 c remain inaccessible/blocked. To provide a third level of therapy having a third drainage rate greater than the second drainage rate (e.g., a third flow resistance less than the first flow resistance), the first fluid inlet 716 a and the second fluid inlet 716 b can be unblocked while the third fluid inlet 716 c remains blocked. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, the flow control assembly 700 can be actuated such that any combination of the first fluid inlet 716 a, the second fluid inlet 716 b, and the third fluid inlet 716 c are blocked or unblocked to provide at least eight different therapy levels (ranging from all three fluid inlets blocked to all three fluid inlets unblocked).

In some embodiments, the resistances provided by each individual channel 752 can have a predetermined ratio. For example, the resistance provided by the third channel 752 c when the third fluid inlet 716 c is unblocked, the resistance provided by the second channel 752 b when the second fluid inlet 716 b is unblocked, and the resistance provided by the first channel when the first fluid inlet 716 a is unblocked can have a ratio of 1:2:4. In some embodiments, for a given pressure, the flow rate through the system 10 when only the first fluid inlet 716 a is unblocked can be about X, the flow rate through the system when only the second fluid inlet 716 b is unblocked can be about 2X, and the flow rate through the system when only the third fluid inlet 716 c is unblocked can be about 4X. In this way, the pattern of resistances (and drainage rates) that can be achieved using the system 10 can be adjusted according to a known pattern. For example, the actuators 701 can be actuated such that any combination of fluid inlets 716 are blocked and unblocked, thereby providing any flow rate between X (only the first fluid inlet 716 a is unblocked) and 7X (all the fluid inlets 716 are unblocked). Additional details regarding the ability to provide a plurality of therapy levels using intraocular shunting systems having a variety of fluid inlets are described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US21/14774, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the therapy level (e.g., drainage rate, flow resistance, etc.) is determined by the relative dimensions of the channels 752, not the number or size of the fluid inlets 716. For example, as previously described, the channels 752 can have different dimensions. In some embodiments, a diameter or other cross-sectional area of the first channel 752 a is smaller than a diameter or other cross-sectional area of the second channel 752 b, which itself is smaller than a diameter or other cross-sectional area of the third channel 752 c. In embodiments in which the flow resistance is determined by the channels 760, the fluid inlets 716 can nevertheless include a different number of apertures to provide a visual cue to the healthcare provide reflecting the relative fluid resistances of the corresponding channel (e.g., one aperture means the corresponding fluid channel has a first resistance, two apertures means the corresponding fluid channel has a second resistance less than the first, etc.). In other embodiments, the fluid inlets 716 can include another visual cue or indicator to reflect the relative fluid resistances of the corresponding channel.

Without being bound by theory, using a rotational/pivotable motion to selectively block and/or unblock the fluid inlets 716 is expected to provide several advantages relative to actuators operating via linear motion. For example, a relatively small motion in the actuation elements 708 can be translated into a relatively large motion of the distal region 702 b of the projection 702. Without being bound by theory, this is expected to decrease the amount of strain required in the first and second actuation elements 708 to move the projection 702 (e.g., to block and/or unblock the fluid inlets 716). In turn, this may further increase the consistency of motion of the projection 702 as compared to an actuator with linearly arranged actuation elements.

FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate an intraocular shunting system 20 (the “system 20”) configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 8A is a front view of the system 20, FIG. 8B is a side view of the system 20, and FIG. 8C is an enlarged front view of a flow control assembly 800 of the system 20 taken along the lines indicated in FIG. 8A. The system 20 can be generally similar to the system 10 described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E. For example, referring to FIG. 8A, the system 20 can include a drainage element 850 and a flow control assembly 800. The drainage element 850 can extend between a first end portion 850 a and a second end portion 850 b, and can have a generally flat profile. The drainage element 850 can further include one or more channels 852 extending between the first end portion 850 a and the second end portion 850 b. When implanted in a patient's eye, the first end portion 850 a can reside at least partially within an interior region of the eye (e.g., an anterior chamber), and the second end portion 850 b can reside at least partially within and/or be in fluid communication with a desired outflow location (e.g., a subconjunctival bleb space). The drainage element 850 can optionally include one or more wings or appendages 860 having holes (e.g. suture holes) for securing the drainage element 850 in a desired position. As best shown in FIG. 8B, the drainage element 850 can have a generally curved profile to better conform to the anatomy of the eye.

Referring to FIG. 8C, the flow control assembly 800 can include a first actuator 801 a and a second actuator 801 b (collectively referred to as the “actuators 801”). The actuators 801 can be generally similar to the actuators 701 described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E. For example, the first actuator 801 a can include a projection 802 (e.g., a finger, a tongue, a lever, a gating element, a control element, etc.), a first actuation element 808 a, a second actuation element 808 b, a first target 810 a, and a second target 810 b. The first actuator 801 a can be restrained and/or secured to the drainage element 850 via a first restraint 820, a second restraint 822, and a third restraint 824. The projection 802 can rotate/pivot about the first restraint 820, as described above with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E. However, unlike the actuators 701, the first actuator 801 a can also rotate/pivot around the second restraint 822 and the third restraint 824. Accordingly, the actuators 801 can rotate at three locations (e.g., the first actuator 801 a has three rotational degrees of freedom).

FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate an actuator 901 for controlling the flow of fluid in a shunting system and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 9A is an isometric view of the actuator 901, FIG. 9B is a top view of the actuator 901 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 9C is a top view of the actuator 901 in a tensioned configuration, and FIG. 9D is a top view of the actuator 901 in an actuated configuration. The actuator 901 is shown in isolation for clarity. However, as one skilled in the art will appreciate, the actuator 901 can be used in systems similar to the system 10 or the system 20 described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively (e.g., instead of actuators 701 and 801, respectively). Moreover, the actuator 901 can operate in a manner generally similar to the actuator 701 (FIGS. 7A-7E) and the actuator 801 (FIGS. 8A-8C) previously described. Accordingly, the following description places particular focus on features and functions of the actuator 901 that are different than those previously described.

Referring first to FIG. 9A, the actuator 901 includes a projection 902, a first actuation element 908 a, and a second actuation element 908 b (collectively referred to as the “actuation elements 908”). In operation, the actuation elements 908 can be selectively and independently actuated to rotate the projection 902 to block (e.g., interfere with, partially interfere with, etc.) or unblock (e.g., clear, avoid, etc.) a fluid inlet (e.g., the fluid inlet 716 of the system 10, shown in FIG. 7A) for controlling the flow of fluid therethrough, as previously described herein. The projection 902 can include select features that in at least some embodiments increase the efficiency and/or flow control imparted by the actuator 901. For example, the projection 902 can include a blocking feature 905 positioned at its distal region 902 b. The blocking feature 905 can have an enlarged surface area or volume to better enable the projection 902 to interface with one or more fluid inlets (e.g., the fluid inlets 716 of the system 10) when in a “closed” position to control the flow of fluid therethrough. The blocking feature 905 can nevertheless be configured to permit fluid flow through the one or more fluid inlets when in an “open” position. The projection 902 can also have a neck region 903 at its proximal region 902 a that has a thinner cross-section than other portions of the projection 902. Strain induced by the projection 902 contacting another portion of the actuator 901 during operation can be preferentially minimized by the neck region 903, rather than being concentrated into other portions of the actuator 901 (e.g., the actuation elements 908). This is expected to improve the reproducibility and consistency of motion that can be induced during actuation of the actuator 901.

The actuator 901 also includes a first target 910 a and a second target 910 b (collectively referred to as the “targets 910”) for receiving energy to power the actuation elements 908. Unlike the actuators described with respect to FIGS. 7A-8C, the targets 910 of the actuator 901 are positioned along the respective actuation elements 908. In particular, the first target 910 a is positioned on the first actuation element 908 a such that it divides the first actuation element 908 a into a first portion 908 a ₁ and a second portion 908 a ₂. Likewise, the second target 910 b is positioned on the second actuation element 908 b such that it divides the second actuation element 908 b into a first portion 908 b ₁ and a second portion 908 b ₂. Energy received at the first target 910 a can spread into both the first portion 908 a ₁ and the second portion 908 a ₂ of the first actuation element 908 a, and energy received at the second target 910 b can spread into both the first portion 908 b ₁ and the second portion 908 b ₂ of the second actuation element 908 b. Without being bound by theory, placing the targets 910 along the actuation elements 908 is therefore expected to more quickly and/or efficiently spread energy received at the targets 910 into the corresponding actuation elements 908 for driving operation thereof (e.g., by reducing the dissipative loss of heat within the actuation elements 908).

The actuator 901 further includes a first aperture 911 a and a second aperture 911 b for securing the actuator 901 to a drainage element, plate, or other structure (e.g., the drainage element 750 of the system 10, shown in FIG. 7A). For example, the first aperture 911 a can be configured to receive a first pin or other anchoring element, and the second aperture 911 b can be configured to receive a second pin or other anchoring element. Accordingly, the actuator 901 is securable to a drainage element or other shunting structure at two locations. In some embodiments, the actuator 901 is configured to be rotatably secured to the drainage element or other shunting structure at least at the first aperture 911 a such that the projection 902 can rotate upon actuation of the actuation elements 908, as previously described with respect to the actuator 701 of FIGS. 7A-7E.

The actuator 901 can be manufactured and operated in a manner generally similar to those described for the actuator 701 and 801. FIG. 9B, for example, illustrates the actuator 901 in a fabricated or non-tensioned position, in which the actuator 901 has a first length L₁. The actuator 901 can be fabricated from a unitary or contiguous piece of material (e.g., nitinol), as previously described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E. Once fabricated, the actuator 901 can be manipulated into a different, tensioned configuration before/while being secured to a shunt or other structure (e.g., the actuator 901 may be manipulated such that the first aperture 911 a and the second aperture 911 b align with and engage pins extending from a drainage element or other shunting structure). FIG. 9C illustrates the actuator 901 in a tensioned configuration in which the actuator 901 has been stretched or otherwise lengthened relative to the fabricated position such that it has a second length L₂ that is greater than the first length L₁. In other embodiments, the actuator 901 may be compressed relative to the fabricated configuration to form a tensioned configuration in which L₂ would be less than L₁. In the tensioned position shown in FIG. 9C, the first actuation element 908 a and the second actuation element 908 b are both lengthened relative to their preferred (e.g., fabricated) geometries. Accordingly, as previously described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E, the first actuation element 908 a and the second actuation element 908 b can be selectively actuated by applying energy to the first target 910 a or the second target 910 b, respectively, to rotate the projection 902 to block or unblock a fluid inlet on the shunt structure (not shown). FIG. 9D, for example, illustrates the actuator 901 following actuation of the second actuation element 908 b. Because the second actuation element 908 b is lengthened relative to its preferred (e.g., fabricated) geometry, heating at least a portion of the second actuation element 908 b above its transition temperature induces a material phase change in the second actuation element 908 b, causing the second actuation element 908 b to contract toward its preferred (e.g., fabricated) geometry. This causes the distal region 902 b of the projection 902 to rotate upwardly. This movement can be reversed by heating at least a portion of the first actuation element 908 a above its transition temperature to induce a material phase change therein, causing the first actuation element 908 a to contract toward its preferred (e.g., fabricated) geometry and rotate the projection 902 downwardly.

FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate another actuator 1001 for controlling the flow of fluid in a shunting system and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 10A is an isometric view of the actuator 1001, FIG. 10B is a top view of the actuator 1001 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 10C is a top view of the actuator 1001 in a tensioned configuration, and FIG. 10D is a top view of the actuator 1001 in an actuated configuration. The actuator 1001 is shown in isolation for clarity. However, as one skilled in the art will appreciate, the actuator 1001 can be used in systems similar to the system 10 or the system 20 described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively (e.g., instead of the actuators 701 and 801, respectively). Moreover, the actuator 1001 can operate in a manner generally similar to the actuator 701 (FIGS. 7A-7E), the actuator 801 (FIGS. 8A-8C), and/or the actuator 901 (FIGS. 9A-9D) previously described. Accordingly, the following description places particular focus on features and functions of the actuator 1001 that are different than those previously described.

Referring first to FIG. 10A, the actuator 1001 includes a projection 1002, a first actuation element 1008 a, and a second actuation element 1008 b (collectively referred to as the “actuation elements 1008”). In operation, the actuation elements 1008 can be selectively and independently actuated to rotate the projection 1002 to block or unblock a fluid inlet (e.g., the fluid inlet 716 of the system 10, shown in FIG. 7A) for controlling the flow of fluid therethrough, as previously described herein. The actuator 1001 also includes a first target 1010 a and a second target 1010 b (collectively referred to herein as the “targets 1010”) for receiving energy to power the actuators. Similar to the actuator 901 of FIGS. 9A-9D, the targets 1010 of the actuator 1001 are positioned along the respective actuation elements 1008 to facilitate quicker and/or more efficient heating of the actuation element 1008 upon application of energy to the respective targets 1010.

The actuator 1001 further includes a first aperture 1011 a, a second aperture 1011 b, and a third aperture 1011 c for securing the actuator 1001 to a drainage element, plate, or other structure (e.g., the drainage element 750 of the system 10, shown in FIG. 7A). Accordingly, the actuator 1001 is securable to a drainage element or other shunting structure at least at three locations. In some embodiments, the actuator 1001 is configured to be rotatably secured to the drainage element or other shunting structure at least at the first aperture 1011 a such that the projection 1002 can rotate upon actuation of the actuation elements 1008, as previously described with respect to the actuator 701 of FIGS. 7A-7E. In some embodiments, the actuator 1001 is also configured to be rotatably secured to the drainage element or other shunting structure at the second aperture 1011 b and the third aperture 1011 c, although in other embodiments the actuator 1001 is configured to be fixedly secured to the drainage element at the second aperture 1011 b and/or the third aperture 1011 c. Accordingly, the actuator 1001 can have between one and three rotational degrees of freedom.

The actuator 1001 can be manufactured and operated in a manner generally similar to those described previously. FIG. 10B illustrates the actuator 1001 in a fabricated or non-tensioned position, in which the actuator 1001 has a first length L₁. The actuator 1001 can be fabricated from a unitary or contiguous piece of material (e.g., nitinol), as previously described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E. Once fabricated, the actuator 1001 can be manipulated into a different, tensioned configuration before/while being secured to a shunt or other structure (e.g., the actuator 1001 may be manipulated such that the first aperture 1011 a, the second aperture 1011 b, and the third aperture 1011 c align with and engage pins extending from a plate or other drainage element). FIG. 10C illustrates the actuator 1001 in a tensioned configuration in which the actuator 1001 has been stretched or otherwise lengthened relative to the fabricated position such that it has a second length L₂ that is greater than the first length L₁. In other embodiments, the actuator 1001 may be compressed relative to the fabricated configuration to form a tensioned configuration in which L₂ would be less than L₁. In the tensioned position shown in FIG. 10C, the first actuation element 1008 a and the second actuation element 1008 b are both lengthened relative to their preferred (e.g., fabricated) geometries. Accordingly, as previously described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E, the first actuation element 1008 a and the second actuation element 1008 b can be selectively actuated by applying energy to the first target 1010 a or the second target 1010 b, respectively, to rotate the projection 1002 to block or unblock a fluid inlet on the shunt structure (not shown). FIG. 10D, for example, illustrates the actuator 1001 following actuation of the first actuation element 1008 a. Because the first actuation element 1008 a is lengthened relative to its preferred geometry, heating at least a portion of the first actuation element 1008 a above its transition temperature induces a material phase change in the first actuation element 1008 a, causing the first actuation element 1008 a to contract toward its preferred geometry. This causes the distal region 1002 b of the projection 1002 to rotate downwardly. This movement can be reversed by heating at least a portion of the second actuation element 1008 b above its transition temperature to induce a material phase change therein, causing the second actuation element 1008 b to contract toward its preferred geometry and rotate the projection 1002 upwardly.

As shown in FIG. 10D, actuating one of the actuation elements 1008 may cause a first end region 1001 a and a second end region 1001 b of the actuator 1001 to bend or flare inwardly. This can be reduced or prevented by preventing rotation at the second aperture 1011 b and the third aperture 1011 c (e.g., by preventing rotation about the pins used to secure the actuator 1001 to a drainage element, plate, or other shunting structure), and/or using one or more restraints similar to the first target second restraint 726 a and the second target second restraint 726 b shown in FIGS. 7B and 7C. Without being bound by theory, preventing rotation at the first end region 1001 a and the second end region 1001 b is expected to produce greater displacement of the projection 1002 and/or increase strain within unconstrained portions of the actuator 1001.

FIGS. 11A-11D illustrate another actuator 1101 for controlling the flow of fluid in a shunting system and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 11A is an isometric view of the actuator 1101 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 11B is a top view of the actuator 1101 in the fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 11C is a top view of the actuator 1101 in a tensioned configuration, and FIG. 11D is a top view of the actuator 1101 in an actuated configuration. The actuator 1101 is shown in isolation for clarity. However, as one skilled in the art will appreciate, the actuator 1101 can be used in systems similar to the system 10 or the system 20 described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively (e.g., instead of the actuators 701 and 801, respectively). Moreover, the actuator 1101 can operate in a manner generally similar to the actuator 701 (FIGS. 7A-7E), the actuator 801 (FIGS. 8A-8C), the actuator 901 (FIGS. 9A-9D), and/or the actuator 1001 (FIGS. 10A-10D) previously described. Accordingly, the following description places particular focus on features and functions of the actuator 1101 that are different than those previously described.

Unlike the actuators 701, 801, 901, and 1001, the actuator 1101 can be secured to itself to transform the actuator 1101 from the fabricated configuration to the tensioned configuration. For example, referring to FIGS. 11A and 11B, which shows the actuator 1101 in the fabricated configuration, the actuator 1101 includes a first arm 1113 a and a second arm 1113 b extending generally parallel to the first actuation element 1108 a and the second actuation element 1108 b, respectively. A first appendage 1115 a extends laterally inward from the first arm 1113 a toward the second arm 1113 b, and a second appendage 1115 b extends laterally inward from the second arm 1113 b toward the first arm 1113 a. The actuator 1101 further includes an anchoring element 1111 extending in a direction generally opposite of the projection 1102. In the fabricated configuration, the anchoring element 1111 resides on the same side of the first and second appendages 1115 as the projection 1102 and actuation elements 1108. To secure the actuator 1101 in a tensioned configuration as shown in FIG. 11C, the anchoring element 1111 can be stretched and positioned on the side of the first and second appendages 1115 opposite to the projection 1102 and the actuation element 1108. As shown, the appendages 1115 interfere with the anchoring element 1111 and prevent the anchoring element 1111 (and thus the actuation elements 1108) from returning to the fabricated configuration. This deforms (e.g., lengthens) the actuation elements 1108 relative to their preferred (e.g., fabricated) geometries, thereby enabling them to be selectively actuated by heating them above their transition temperatures, as previously described. The actuator 1101 therefore does not require pins or other fastening elements to secure the actuator 1101 in a tensioned configuration. In some embodiments, the anchoring element 1111 can be optionally secured to the appendages 1115 following tensioning of the actuator 1101. The can be done by bonding (e.g., welding, adhesive, etc.). Although FIGS. 11C and 11D show the anchoring element 1111 overlapping with the appendages 1115, the anchoring elements 1111 generally would not overlap the appendages 1115.

Once secured in the tensioned configuration, the actuator 1101 can operate in a generally similar manner as described for the actuator 701. For example, the first actuation element 1108 a and the second actuation element 1108 b can be selectively actuated by applying energy to the first target 1110 a or the second target 1110 b, respectively, to rotate the projection 1102 to block or unblock a fluid inlet on the shunt structure (not shown). FIG. 11D, for example, illustrates the actuator 1101 following actuation of the first actuation element 1108 a. Because the first actuation element 1108 a is lengthened relative to its preferred geometry, heating at least a portion of the first actuation element 1108 a above its transition temperature induces a material phase change in the first actuation element 1108 a, causing the first actuation element 1108 a to contract toward its preferred geometry. This causes the distal region 1102 b of the projection 1102 to rotate downwardly. This movement can be reversed by heating at least a portion of the second actuation element 1108 b above its transition temperature to induce a material phase change therein, causing the second actuation element 1108 b to contract toward its preferred geometry and rotate the projection 1102 upwardly.

In some embodiments, the arms 1113 are not constrained by other aspects of the shunting system (e.g., the system 10 shown in FIG. 7A), and therefore bow slightly outward during operation of the actuator 1101. In other embodiments, the arms 1113 can be constrained by one or more features of the shunting system to prevent the arms 1113 from bowing outward during operation of the actuator 1101. Preventing the arms 1113 from bowing outward shifts more energy into the actuation elements 1108, thereby permitting greater displacement of the projection 1102. Therefore, the arms 1113 can be optionally restrained to create a tuning mechanism for adjusting the range of motion of the projection 1102.

FIGS. 12A-12D illustrate yet another actuator 1201 for controlling the flow of fluid in a shunting system and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 12A is an isometric view of the actuator 1201 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 12B is a top view of the actuator 1201 in the fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 12C is a top view of the actuator 1201 in a tensioned configuration, and FIG. 12D is a top view of the actuator 1201 in an actuated configuration. The actuator 1201 is shown in isolation for clarity. However, as one skilled in the art will appreciate, the actuator 1201 can be used in systems similar to the system 10 or the system 20 described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively (e.g., instead of the actuators 701 and 801, respectively). Moreover, the actuator 1101 can operate in a manner generally similar to the actuator 701 (FIGS. 7A-7E), the actuator 801 (FIGS. 8A-8C), the actuator 901 (FIGS. 9A-9D), the actuator 1001 (FIGS. 10A-10D), and/or the actuator 1101 (FIGS. 11A-11D) previously described. Accordingly, the following description places particular focus on features and functions of the actuator 1201 that are different than those previously described.

Similar to the actuator 1101, the actuator 1201 can be secured to itself to transition the actuator 1201 from the fabricated configuration to the tensioned configuration. Referring to FIGS. 12A and 12B, which show the actuator 1201 in a fabricated configuration, the actuator 1201 includes a first arm 1213 a and a second arm 1213 b extending generally parallel to the first actuation element 1208 a and the second actuation element 1208 b, respectively. The actuator 1101 further includes an anchoring element 1111 extending in a direction generally opposite of the projection 1102. The actuator 1201 further includes a bridge element 1215 coupling the first arm 1213 a to the second arm 1213 b and enclosing the anchoring element 1111, the projection 1202, the first actuation element 1208 a, and the second actuation element 1208 b. To secure the actuator 1201 in a tensioned configuration as shown in FIG. 12C, the anchor element 1211 can be secured to the bridge 1215, thereby deforming (e.g., lengthening) the first actuation element 1208 a and the second actuation element 1208 b relative to their preferred (e.g., fabricated) geometries. The anchor element 1211 can be secured to the bridge 1215 via a locking mechanism or other suitable adhesion techniques (e.g. welding, suturing, gluing, taping, etc.). In some embodiments, the bridge 1215 may include a recess configured to receive and secure the anchor element 1211.

Once secured in the tensioned configuration, the actuator 1201 can operate in a generally similar manner as described for the actuator 701. For example, the first actuation element 1208 a and the second actuation element 1208 b can be selectively actuated by applying energy to the first target 1210 a or the second target 1210 b, respectively, to rotate the projection 1202 to block or unblock a fluid inlet on the shunt structure (not shown). FIG. 12D, for example, illustrates the actuator 1201 following actuation of the first actuation element 1208 a. Because the first actuation element 1208 a is lengthened relative to its preferred geometry, heating at least a portion of the first actuation element 1208 a above its transition temperature induces a material phase change in the first actuation element 1208 a, causing the first actuation element 1208 a to contract toward its preferred geometry. This causes the distal region 1202 b of the projection 1202 to rotate downwardly. This movement can be reversed by heating at least a portion of the second actuation element 1208 b above its transition temperature to induce a material phase change therein, causing the second actuation element 1208 b to contract toward its preferred geometry and rotate the projection 1202 upwardly. As described above with respect to the FIG. 11D, the arms 1213 can optionally be restrained when the actuator 1301 is positioned within a shunting system (e.g., the system 10) to reduce outward bowing during operation and/or to tune operation of the actuator 1201.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate yet another actuator 1301 for controlling the flow of fluid in a shunting system and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 13A is an isometric view of the actuator 1301 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 13B is a top view of the actuator 1301 in the fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 13C is a top view of the actuator 1301 in a tensioned configuration, and FIG. 13D is a top view of the actuator 1301 in an actuated configuration. The actuator 1301 is shown in isolation for clarity. However, as one skilled in the art will appreciate, the actuator 1301 can be used in systems similar to the system 10 or the system 20 described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively (e.g., instead of the actuators 701 and 801, respectively). Moreover, the actuator 1101 can operate in a manner generally similar to the actuator 701 (FIGS. 7A-7E), the actuator 801 (FIGS. 8A-8C), the actuator 901 (FIGS. 9A-9D), the actuator 1001 (FIGS. 10A-10D), the actuator 1101 (FIGS. 11A-11D), and/or the actuator 1201 (FIGS. 12A-12D) previously described. Accordingly, the following description places particular focus on features and functions of the actuator 1301 that are different than those previously described.

The actuator 1301 includes a first arm 1313 a and a second arm 1313 b extending generally parallel to the first actuation element 1308 a and the second actuation element 1308 b, respectively. The actuator 1301 also includes an anchoring element 1315 having an aperture 1311 extending therethrough. To secure the actuator 1301 to a drainage element, plate, or other shunting structure (not shown) in a tensioned configuration, the anchoring element 1315 can be secured to the drainage element via one or more pins inserted into the aperture 1311. This can include deforming the actuator 1301 relative to its fabricated configuration to occupy a tensioned configuration (shown in FIG. 13C). The actuator 1301 can be retained in its tensioned configuration by virtue of free end regions 1313 a ₁ and 1313 b ₁ of the first and second arms 1313 a, 1313 b engaging one or more features on the drainage element. Once secured in the tensioned configuration, the actuator 1301 can operate in a generally similar manner as described for the other actuators herein (e.g., the actuator 1301 can be actuated to move the projection 1302, as shown in FIG. 13D).

FIGS. 14A-14E illustrate a flow control assembly 1400 (“the assembly 1400”) for controlling the flow of fluid in a shunting system and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 14A is an isometric view of the assembly 1400, FIG. 14B is an isometric view of a base structure 1420 of the assembly 1400 with the other features omitted for clarity, FIG. 14C is a top down view of the assembly 1400 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration, FIG. 14D is a top down view of the assembly 1400 in a loaded or tensioned configuration, and FIG. 14E is a top down view of the assembly 1400 in the loaded or tensioned configuration after it has been actuated relative to the configuration shown in FIG. 14D.

Referring first to FIG. 14A, the assembly 1400 includes a first actuator 1401 a, a second actuator 1401 b, and a base structure 1420. The first actuator 1401 a and the second actuator 1401 b (referred to collectively as “the actuators 1401”) can be coupled to the base structure 1420, which is described in greater detail below with reference to FIG. 14B. In some embodiments, the assembly 1400 can be used in systems similar to the system 10 or the system 20 described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively (e.g., instead of the actuators 701 and 801, respectively). In other embodiments, the assembly 1400 can be coupled to another drainage element or shunting structure for draining fluid.

The first actuator 1401 a can include a first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ and a second anchoring region 1404 a ₂. The first actuator 1401 a can be coupled to the base structure 1420 at the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ and the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂. For example, the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ can have a first opening 1406 a ₁ extending therethrough that is configured to receive a first anchoring mechanism or pin 1422 a ₁ extending from the base structure 1420. Likewise, the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂ can include a second opening 1406 a ₂ extending therethrough that is configured to receive a second anchoring mechanism or pin 1422 a ₂ extending from the base structure 1420. In some embodiments, the first actuator 1401 a may alternatively or additionally be coupled to the base structure 1420 via other suitable connection mechanisms, such as gluing, welding, or the like. In some embodiments, the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ and/or the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂ is rotatably/pivotably coupled to the base structure 1420 such that the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ and/or the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂ can rotate about the first pin 1422 a ₁ and/or the second pin 1422 a ₂, respectively. In some embodiments, the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂ is rotatably coupled to the base structure 1420 and the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ is fixedly coupled to the base structure (e.g., to prevent rotation of the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ relative to the base structure 1420).

The first actuator 1401 a further includes a projection 1402 a extending from the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂. The projection 1402 a can be or include a finger, a tongue, a lever, a gating element, a control element, or the like. The projection 1402 a can further include an opening or aperture 1403 a extending therethrough. The projection 1402 a can be configured to control the flow of fluid through a first fluid inlet 1424 a (shown in FIG. 3B) on the base structure 1420. For example, as described in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 14D and 14E, the projection 1402 a can be moved between a first (e.g., open) position in which the opening 1403 a at least partially aligns with the first fluid inlet 1424 a (permitting fluid to flow through the first fluid inlet 1424 a) and a second (e.g., closed) position in which the opening 1403 a does not align with the first fluid inlet 1424 a (substantially preventing fluid to flow through the first fluid inlet 1424 a).

The first actuator 1401 a further includes a first actuation element 1408 a ₁ and a second actuation element 1408 a ₂ (collectively referred to as the actuation elements 1408 a) to induce movement of the projection 1402. The actuation elements 1408 a can extend between the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ and the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂. The actuation elements 1408 a can be composed of a shape memory material (e.g., nitinol), and can be actuated via a shape memory effect, as previously described in detail herein. In operation, the actuation elements 1408 a can be selectively and independently actuated to rotate the projection 1402 a such that the opening 1403 a at least partially aligns with the first fluid inlet 1424 a or such that the opening 1403 a does not align with the first fluid inlet 1424 a, thereby controlling the flow of fluid through the first fluid inlet 1424 a.

The second actuator 1401 b can be generally similar to and/or the same as the first actuator 1401 a, and can be configured to control the flow of fluid through a second fluid inlet 1424 b of the base structure 1420 (FIG. 14B). Moreover, although shown has having two actuators 1401, the assembly 1400 can have fewer or more actuators, such as one, three, four, five, six, or more actuators.

Referring next to FIG. 14B, the base structure 1420 can be a generally flat or plate-like structure having one or more retention features for securing the actuators 1401 to the base structure 1420. The retention features can include the first pin 1422 a ₁ and the second pin 1422 a ₂ for securing the first actuator 1401 a to the base structure 1420, as previously described. The retention features can also include a third pin 1422 b ₁ and a fourth pin 1422 b ₂ for securing the second actuator 1401 b to the base structure 1420. Although shown as pins, the base structure 1420 can include other suitable anchoring or retention features for securing the actuators 1401 thereto. As described above, the base structure 1420 also includes the first fluid inlet 1424 a and the second fluid inlet 1424 b. When the assembly 1400 is secured to or positioned within a drainage element, the first fluid inlet 1424 a and/or the second fluid inlet 1424 b can align with or otherwise be in fluid communication with one or more channels or lumens that transport fluid entering the drainage element via the first fluid inlet 1424 a and/or the second fluid inlet 1424 b to a desired outflow location.

FIG. 14C illustrates the actuators 1401 coupled to the base structure 1420 in a nontensioned or uncoupled configuration in which the first actuation element 1408 a ₁ of the first actuator 1401 a is not coupled to the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁. As illustrated, the first actuation element 1408 a ₁ can include a locking feature 1410 a (e.g., a flange, lip, protrusion, key, etc.) configured engage (e.g., releasably engage) a retention feature 1412 a (e.g., a groove, notch, aperture, etc.) on the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁. In other embodiments, the first anchoring region 1404 a ₁ can include the locking feature 1410 a, and the first actuation element 1408 a ₁ can include the retention feature 1412 b. In yet other embodiments, the second actuation element 1408 a ₂ may include a locking feature and be decoupled from the first or second anchoring region. In some embodiments, the first actuator 1401 a is fabricated in the uncoupled or nontensioned configuration. For example, the first actuator 1401 a may be laser cut from a single piece of material, such that the first actuator 1401 a comprises a unitary structure.

To transition the first actuator 1401 a from the nontensioned configuration shown in FIG. 14C to the tensioned configuration shown in FIG. 14D, the locking feature 1410 a can be positioned within or otherwise interfaced with the retention feature 1412 a. The act of positioning the locking feature 1410 a in the retention feature 1412 a can deform at least one of the actuation elements 1408 a relative to their preferred or fabricated geometry. For example, positioning the locking feature 1410 a in the retention feature 1412 a can stretch (e.g., tension) the first actuation element 1408 a ₁ relative to its preferred geometry and/or can stretch (e.g., tension) the second actuation element 1408 a ₂ relative to its preferred geometry. In some embodiments, both the first actuation element 1408 a ₁ and the second actuation element 1408 a ₂ are under substantially equal tension when in the tensioned configuration shown in FIG. 14C. As shown in FIG. 14D, in the coupled or tensioned configuration, the projection 1402 a blocks the first fluid inlet 1424 a (e.g., the opening 1403 a does not align with the first fluid inlet 1424 a). In use, this prevents or substantially prevents fluid from flowing through the first fluid inlet 1424 a. The second actuator 1401 b can be transitioned between the nontensioned and tensioned configurations in the same or similar manner as described for the first actuator 1401 a.

Because the actuators 1401 are deformed relative to their preferred geometries in the tensioned configuration, movement of the actuators 1401 can be induced via the shape memory effect, as previously described herein for other shape memory actuators. For example, heating the second actuation element 1408 a ₂ above its transition temperature can induce a phase transformation therein and cause it to move toward its preferred geometry. In particular, as shown in FIG. 14E, applying energy to the second actuation element 1408 a ₂ causes it to contract toward its preferred geometry. Because the second actuation element 1408 a ₂ is coupled to the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂, contraction of the second actuation element 1408 a ₂ causes the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂ to pivot or otherwise rotate about the second pin 1422 a ₂ as it contracts. This causes the projection 1402 a, which extends from the second anchoring region 1404 a ₂, to also rotate relative to the base structure 1420. In the illustrated embodiment, the projection 1402 a rotates in a clockwise direction relative to the base structure 1420 upon actuation of the second actuation element 1408 a ₂ such that the opening 1403 a aligns with the first fluid inlet 1424 a. In use, this permits fluid to flow through the first fluid inlet 1424 a. The operation can be reversed (e.g., the first actuator 1401 a can be moved to and/or toward the configuration shown in FIG. 14D) by actuating the first actuation element 1408 a ₁. The actuation elements 1408 can therefore be selectively actuated to permit or prevent fluid from flowing through the first fluid inlet 1424 a.

Although the projection 1402 a is shown as having an opening 1403 a that aligns with the first fluid inlet 1424 a, in other embodiments the opening 1403 a can be omitted from the projection 1402 a, and the projection 1402 a can simply move between a first position blocking (or substantially blocking) the first fluid inlet 1424 a, and a second position unblocking (or substantially unblocking) the first fluid inlet 1424 a, as previously described in detail herein. The second actuator 1401 b can operate in the same or similar manner as the first actuator 1401 a to control the flow of fluid through the second fluid inlet 1424 b.

FIGS. 15A-15D illustrate another flow control assembly (“the assembly 1500”) for controlling the flow of fluid in a shunting system and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 15A is an isometric view of the assembly 1500, FIG. 15B is an enlarged top down view of an actuator 1501 a of the assembly 1500, FIG. 15C is an isometric view of a variation of the assembly 1500, and FIG. 15C is a series of top down views illustrating an actuation element 1508 during operation of the assembly 1500.

Referring first the FIG. 15A, the assembly 1500 includes a first actuator 1501 a, a second actuator 1501 b, a third actuator 1501 c, and a base structure 1520. The first actuator 1501 a, the second actuator 1501 b, and the third actuator 1501 c (referred to collectively as “the actuators 1501”) can be coupled to the base structure 1520. The base structure 1520 can be or include a drainage element having a central lumen 1522 extending therethrough. In some embodiments, the base structure 1520 is a first drainage element, and the assembly 1500 is configured for use with a second drainage element or shunting structure for draining fluid, such as those described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C (e.g., the lumen 1522 drains to another drainage element). Regardless, the base structure 1520 can include a plurality of fluid inlets (not shown) that permit fluid to flow into the lumen 1522. As previously described herein, the actuators 1501 can control the flow of fluid through the fluid inlets to control the therapy level provided by the assembly 1500. For example, the first actuator 1501 a can interface with and control the flow of fluid through a first fluid inlet, the second actuator 1501 b can interface with and control the flow of fluid through a second fluid inlet, and the third actuator 1501 c can interface with and control the flow of fluid through a third fluid inlet.

Referring next to FIG. 15B, the first actuator 1501 a can include a first actuation element 1508 a ₁, a second actuation element 1508 a ₂, and a control element 1502 a positioned generally between the first actuation element 1508 a ₁ and the second actuation element 1508 a ₂. The control element 1502 a is configured to interface with (e.g., selectively block and unblock) a fluid inlet on the base structure to control the flow of fluid therethrough. The actuation elements 1508 can be composed at least partially of a shape memory material and may induce movement of the control element 1502 a via the shape memory effect, as previously described herein. In some embodiments, the actuation elements 1508 can have a partially wound, nested, S-shape, or other shape (collectively referred to as a “torsional” shape) supporting torsion in a portion of the actuation elements 1508 wherein the amount of strain reflected in the system is captured by the action of twisting (i.e., torsion) in the structure. In some embodiments, the degree to which the actuation elements 1508 are wound can be greater than or less than that illustrated in FIG. 15B.

The first actuation element 1508 a ₁ can further include a first target feature 1509 a ₁ and the second actuation element 1508 a ₂ can further include a second target feature 1509 a ₂ (collectively referred to as “the target features 1509 a”). The target features 1509 a can provide a visual target to aim for when using laser energy to actuate the actuator 1501 a. The first actuator 1501 a further includes an outer perimeter 1514 a generally encircling the first actuation element 1508 a ₁ and the second actuation element 1508 a ₂. The perimeter 1514 a can further include one or more openings 1516 a for securing the first actuator 1501 a to the base structure 1520.

The first actuator 1501 a is shown in an uncoupled or nontensioned configuration in FIG. 15B. In some embodiments, the first actuator 1501 a is fabricated in the uncoupled or nontensioned configuration. For example, the first actuator 1501 a may be laser cut from a single piece of material, such that the first actuator 1501 a comprises a unitary structure. To transition the first actuator 1501 a from the nontensioned configuration to a tensioned configuration (not shown), the actuation elements 1508 can be stretched (e.g., tensioned) and a locking feature 1510 a at the distal end portion of the second actuation element 1508 a ₂ can be placed within or otherwise secured to a retention feature 1512 a on the perimeter 1514 a. This secures (e.g., releasably secures) the first actuator 1501 a in a tensioned configuration. In particular, in the tensioned configuration, the first actuation element 1508 a ₁ and the second actuation element 1508 a ₂ are deformed relative to their preferred geometries. Therefore, the actuation elements 1508 a can be selectively activated via application of energy to inducement movement thereof, as previously described. Because the actuation elements 1508 a are coupled to the control element 1502 a, movement of the actuation elements 1508 a can induce a corresponding movement of the control element 1502 a.

FIG. 15C illustrates a variation of the assembly 1500, in which the perimeter 1514 a (FIG. 15A) of the actuation assembly is omitted for clarity. In particular, relative to the assembly 1500 shown in FIG. 15A, the control element 1502 a is placed longitudinally inline with the first actuation element 1508 a ₁ and the second actuation element 1508 a ₂.

FIG. 15D provides a series of schematic illustrations depicting actuation of the first actuation element 1508 a ₁. In particular, FIG. 15D illustrates the configuration of the first actuation element 1508 a ₁ as it transitions from its tensioned (e.g., stretched) configuration to and/or toward its preferred geometry (e.g., its nontensioned configuration). Because the first actuation element 1508 a ₁ has a torsional shape and is stretched relative to its preferred geometry, transitioning the first actuation element 1508 a ₁ to and/or toward its preferred geometry causes it to decrease in length and rotate or fold about its torsional center point (which can be at or proximate the first target 1509 a ₁). This motion can drive movement of the control element 1502 a.

The second actuation element 1508 a ₂ can operate in a manner generally similar to the first actuation element 1508 a ₁. However, because the control element 1502 a is positioned between the actuation elements 1508, actuation of the first actuation element 1508 a ₁ generally moves the control element 1502 a in a first direction, and actuation of the second actuation element 1508 a ₂ generally moves the control element 1502 a in a second direction generally opposite the first direction. The second actuator 1501 b and the third actuator 1501 c can be generally similar to and/or the same as the first actuator 1501 a. Moreover, although shown has having three actuators 1501, the assembly 1500 can have fewer or more actuators, such as one, two, four, five, six, or more actuators.

FIGS. 16 illustrates another actuator 1601 for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 16 is a top view of the actuator 1601 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration. The actuator 1601 is shown in isolation for clarity. However, as one skilled in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein, the actuator 1601 can be used in systems similar to the system 10 or the system 20 described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively (e.g., instead of the actuators 701 and 801, respectively). Moreover, the actuator 1601 can include certain features generally similar to, and/or operate in a manner generally similar to, the actuator 701 (FIGS. 7A-7E), the actuator 801 (FIGS. 8A-8C), the actuator 901 (FIGS. 9A-9D), the actuator 1001 (FIGS. 10A-10D), the actuator 1101 (FIGS. 11A-11D), the actuator 1201 (FIGS. 12A-12D), and/or the actuator 1301 (FIGS. 13A-13D), previously described. Accordingly, the following description places particular focus on features and functions of the actuator 1601 that are different than those previously described.

The actuator 1601 includes a gating element or projection 1602, a first actuation element 1608 a and a second actuation element 1608 b (collectively referred to as “the actuation elements 1608”), and a plurality of anchoring or retention elements 1603 (shown as a first retention element 1603 a, a second retention element 1603 b, and a third retention element 1603 c). As described repeatedly throughout this Detailed Description, the anchoring elements 1603 can be retained within anchoring element retention features of a shunting system (not shown in FIG. 16 ). In some embodiments, for example, retaining the anchoring elements 1603 in corresponding anchoring element retention features deforms the actuator 1601 relative to its preferred geometry, thereby inducing strain in the actuation elements 1608. As a result, the actuation elements 1608 can be selectively and independently actuated to rotate, pivot, or otherwise move the gating element 1602 relative to a fluid aperture in a shunting system (e.g., the fluid inlet 716 of the system 10, shown in FIG. 7A) for controlling the flow of fluid therethrough, as previously described herein.

The first actuation element 1608 a includes a first actuatable region 1609 a, and the second actuation element 1608 b includes a second actuatable region 1609 b (collectively referred to as “the actuatable regions 1609”). The first actuatable region 1609 a and the second actuatable region 1609 b each have a pronounced serpentine or boustrophedon-like shape defined by a plurality of U- or horseshoe-shaped curved regions or segments 1611 (each actuatable region 1609 includes three U-shaped curved regions 1611 in the illustrated embodiment). In other embodiments, the actuatable regions 1609 can have a sawtooth, jagged, or other irregular shape. Returning to the illustrated embodiments, each curved region 1611 includes a base 1611 a and two arms 1611 b extending from opposite ends of the base 1611 a (the base 1611 a and the arms 1611 b are only labeled for a single curved region 1611 for ease of illustration).

The curved regions 1611 are oriented generally normal to a first (e.g., long) axis A1 extending through the axial length of the actuation elements 1608 such that openings to the curved regions 1611 face generally perpendicular to the first axis A1 and tangents of the bases 1611 a are generally parallel to the first axis A1. Thus, at least when the actuator 1601 occupies its preferred geometry as shown in FIG. 16 , the first axis A1 extending through the axial length of the actuation elements 1608 intersects a second (e.g., short) axis A2 extending through an intermediate segment 1612 that connects adjacent curved regions 1611. As shown, the intermediate segment can be a generally straight segment or region defined by two end-to-end arms 1611 b of adjacent curved regions 1611 (e.g., the intermediate segments 1612 extend between two bases 1611 a, and therefore comprise two arms 1611 b). In some embodiments, an angle θ₁ between the first axis A1 and the second axis A2 is between about 60 degrees and about 120 degrees, or between about 70 degrees and about 110 degrees, or between about 75 degrees and about 105 degrees, or between about 80 degrees and about 100 degrees, or between about 85 degrees and about 95 degrees, or about 90 degrees. In the illustrated embodiment, the actuatable regions 1609 each include three curved regions 1611, and thus four segments that extend generally normal to the first axis A1. Accordingly, the three curved regions 1611 combined have three tangents that are parallel to the first axis A1 (e.g., because there are three base portions 1611 a) and at least four tangents that are normal to the first axis A1. In other embodiments the actuatable regions 1609 can have more or fewer of such curved regions and segments, and thus more or fewer parallel tangents and perpendicular tangents.

The actuatable regions 1609 do not extend along a total axial length L₁ of the actuation elements 1608. Rather, when the actuator 1601 is in its preferred geometry as shown in FIG. 16 , the actuatable regions 1609 extend for a second axial length L₂ that is less than the total axial length L₁. In some embodiments, the second axial length L₂ may comprise between about 10% and about 60%, or between about 10% and about 50%, or between about 10% and about 40%, or between about 10% and about 30%, or between about 15% and about 25%, or about 20% of the total axial length L1 when the actuator 1601 is in its preferred geometry. Without intending to be bound by theory, concentrating the actuatable regions 1609 within a segment that is shorter than the total axial length L₁ of the actuation elements 1608 is expected to be beneficial because it enables a larger portion of the actuatable regions 1609 to be simultaneously heated while minimizing dissipative effects. This can increase the fraction of material that is heated to or above material transition temperature, enhancing shape recovery in the target actuation element. For example, the actuatable regions 1609 can occupy an area equal or about equal to a spot-size of a laser such that the entire actuatable region 1609 can be simultaneously heated by a laser without needing to move the laser. This is expected to be beneficial because it may increase the efficiency of actuating the actuator 1601 and/or decrease the amount of heat that dissipates into areas surrounding the actuator 1601.

When the actuator 1601 is deformed relative to its preferred geometry, strain preferentially accumulates in the first actuatable region 1609 a (e.g., as compared to other portions of the first actuation element 1608 a) and the second actuatable region 1609 b (e.g., as compared to other portions of the second actuation element 1608 b). This is because the majority of mechanical deformation occurs within the first actuatable region 1609 a and the second actuatable region 1609 b. For example, in embodiments in which the actuator 1601 is configured to operate under tension, deforming the actuator 1601 includes increasing the total axial length L₁ of the first actuation element 1608 a and the second actuation element 1608 b. As a result of its serpentine shape, the majority of the increase in length occurs by “stretching out” the first actuatable region 1609 a and the second actuatable region 1609 b (e.g., a “pitch” of the serpentine shape is decreased and the second axial length L₂ increases). As a result, the angle θ₁ between the first axis A1 and the second axis A2 may change (e.g., increase or decrease), and the ratio of the total axial length L₁ to the second axial length L₂ decreases (e.g., the actuatable regions 1609 extend a greater percentage of the total axial length L₂). In embodiments in which the actuator 1601 is configured to operate under compression, deforming the actuator 1601 includes decreasing the total axial length L₁ of the first actuation element 1608 a and the second actuation element 1608 b. Similar to embodiments in which the actuator 1601 operates under tension, the majority of the geometric change occurs in the actuatable regions 1609. However, rather than “stretching out” the actuatable regions 1609, the actuatable regions 1609 is compressed (e.g., a “pitch” of the serpentine shape increases and the second axial length L₂ decreases) as the actuator 1601 is compressed. As a result, the angle θ₁ between the first axis A1 and the second axis A2 may change (e.g., increase or decrease), and the ratio of the total axial length L₁ to the second axial length L₂ increases (e.g., the actuatable regions 1609 extend a smaller percentage of the total axial length L₂). Regardless of whether the actuator 1601 operates under tension or compression, once the actuation elements 1608 have been deformed relative to their preferred geometries, actuating one of the actuation elements 1608 moves the actuated actuation element back toward its preferred geometry (shown in FIG. 16 ), while the other actuation element is further deformed relative to its preferred geometry. Accordingly, actuating one of the actuation elements 1608 generally causes the actuation element 1608 to move back toward the geometry shown in FIG. 16 and at least partially reverses the geometric changes described above that are induced during deformation of the actuator 1601.

The actuation elements 1608 can also each include a divot, notch, or other thinned portion 1614 proximate a shoulder 1616 connecting the actuation elements 1608 and the gating element 1602. The divot 1614 reduces the bending stiffness of the actuation elements 1608 at the shoulder 1616, which reduces the amount of force that must be imparted to pivot the gating element 1602 about a thinned neck region 1617. For example, the actuation elements 1608 can at least partially bend or flex at the divots 1614 in response to one of the actuatable regions 1609 being actuated, which is expected to reduce the amount of force the actuatable regions 1609 must generate to pivot the gating element 1602 about the thinned neck region 1617. Although shown as a divot, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the divots 1614 can comprise any modification of the actuation elements 1608 that decrease their bending stiffness (e.g., grooves, notches, use of materials with less stiffness, etc.).

The gating element 1602 can optionally include one or more features for improving its ability to control fluid flow through a corresponding aperture (not shown). For example, a distal end region 1602 b of the gating element 1602 can include a sealing element retention feature 1605 configured to receive and retain a corresponding sealing element (not shown). In the illustrated embodiment, the sealing element retention feature 1605 is an annular opening configured to receive a spherical sealing element, although in other embodiments the sealing element retention feature 1605 can include other shapes and sizes. Additional features regarding sealing element retention features and sealing elements that can be incorporated into the actuators described herein are described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2022/220861 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63/338,393 and 63/421,851, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIG. 17 illustrates another actuator 1701 for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 17 is a top view of the actuator 1701 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration. Similar to the actuator 1601 in FIG. 16 , the actuator 1701 is shown in isolation for clarity, but can be used in systems similar to the system 10 or the system 20 described above with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E and FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively (e.g., instead of the actuators 701 and 801, respectively). The actuator 1701 can include certain features generally similar to, and/or operate in a manner generally similar to, the actuators described previously. Accordingly, the following description places particular focus on features and functions of the actuator 1701 that are different than those previously described.

Similar to the actuator 1601 described with reference to FIG. 16 , the actuator 1701 includes a gating element or projection 1702 having a sealing element retention feature 1705 positioned at a distal end portion 1702 b of the gating element 1702. The actuator 1701 also includes a first actuation element 1708 a having a first actuatable region 1709 a and a second actuation element 1708 b having a second actuatable region 1709 b (collectively referred to as “the actuation elements 1708” and “the actuatable regions 1709,” respectively). The actuator 1702 further includes a plurality of anchoring or retention elements 1703 (shown as a first retention element 1703 a, a second retention element 1703 b, and a third retention element 1703 c) for coupling the actuator to a shunting system (not shown).

Relative to the actuator 1601, however, the actuatable regions 1709 have a different serpentine shape. For example, while the actuatable regions 1709 each form two curved regions 1711, openings to the curved regions 1711 face a direction generally parallel to a first (e.g., long) axis A3 extending through the axial length of the actuation element 1708. This is in contrast to the actuator 1601 (FIG. 16A), in which openings to the curved regions face generally normal to the long axis A1. As a result, when the actuator 1701 occupies its preferred geometry as shown in FIG. 17 , the first axis A3 extending through the axial length of the actuation elements 1608 is parallel and/or generally close to parallel with a second (e.g., short) axis A4 extending through an intermediate segment 1712 of the actuation elements 1708 that connects adjacent curved regions 1711. In some embodiments, an angle θ₂ between the first axis A3 and the second axis A4 is less than about 30 degrees, or less than about 20 degrees, or less than about 10 degrees, or less than about 5 degrees, or about 0 degrees (e.g., parallel). The intermediate segments 1712 extending along the second axis A2 can optionally include one or more actuation targets (shown as a first target 1710 a and a second target 1710 b), similar to the targets described with respect to other actuators throughout this Detailed Description.

When the actuator 1701 is deformed relative to its preferred geometry, strain preferentially accumulates in the actuatable regions 1709 relative to other regions of the actuation elements 1708. Similar to the actuator 1601 described with respect to FIG. 16 , this is because the majority of the mechanical deformation occurs within the actuatable regions 1709. For example, in embodiments in which the actuator 1701 operates under tension, the actuatable regions 1709 may at least partially “unwind,” whereas in embodiments in which the actuator 1701 operates under compression, the actuatable regions 1709 may further wind or twist. Regardless of whether the actuator 1701 operates under tension or compression, deforming the actuator 1701 relative to its preferred geometry changes the angle θ₂ between the first axis A3 and the second axis A4. For example, deforming actuator 1701 may increase the angle θ₂.

FIG. 18 illustrates yet another actuator 1801 for selectively controlling the flow of fluid through shunting systems and configured in accordance with select embodiments of the present technology. More specifically, FIG. 18 is a top view of the actuator 1801 in a fabricated or non-tensioned configuration. The actuator 1801 is generally similar to the actuator 1601 (FIG. 16 ) and the actuator 1701 (FIG. 17 ), and thus includes a first actuation element 1808 a having a first actuatable region 1809 a and a second actuation element 1808 b having a second actuatable region 1809 b (collectively referred to as “the actuation elements 1808” and “the actuatable regions 1809,” respectively). The actuator also includes a gating element or projection 1802 having a sealing element retention feature 1805 positioned at a distal end portion 1802 b of the gating element 1802, and a plurality of anchoring or retention elements 1803 (shown as a first retention element 1803 a, a second retention element 1803 b, and a third retention element 1803 c) for coupling the actuator to a shunting system (not shown).

Relative to the actuator 1601 (FIG. 16 ) and the actuator 1701 (FIG. 17 ), however, the actuatable regions 1809 have a different serpentine shape. For example, the actuatable regions 1809 have an “S” shape, with each actuatable region 1809 having two U- or horseshoe-shaped curved regions 1811. This is in contrast with the first actuator 1601, in which the actuatable regions 1609 each include three U- or horseshoe-shaped curved regions 1611. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the actuatable regions 1809 can have more or fewer curved regions 1811, such as one, three, four, five, six, or more curved regions 1811. The curved regions 1811 are oriented (e.g., openings to the curved regions face) in generally opposite directions that are generally perpendicular to a long axis of the actuation elements 1808.

When the actuator 1801 is deformed relative to its preferred geometry, strain preferentially accumulates in actuatable regions 1809 relative to other regions of the actuation elements 1808. Similar to the actuators 1601 and 1701 described with respect to FIGS. 16 and 17 , respectively, this is because the majority of the mechanical deformation occurs within the actuatable regions 1809. For example, in embodiments in which the actuator 1801 operates under tension, the actuatable regions 1809 are “stretched,” (e.g., the curved regions 1811 are further opened relative to the configuration shown in FIG. 18 ). In embodiments in which the actuator 1801 operates under compression, the actuatable regions 1809 are “compressed,” (e.g., the curved regions 1811 are further closed compared to the configuration shown in FIG. 18 ).

The present technology further provides methods of manufacturing the systems and devices described herein. FIG. 19 , for example, is a flowchart of a method 1900 for manufacturing an adjustable intraocular shunting system, such as the systems 10 and 20 described previously. Beginning at step 1902, the method 1900 includes producing (e.g., fabricating) an actuator composed, at least in part, of a shape memory material or alloy. In some embodiments, the actuator is a single or unitary component composed of the shape memory material. The actuator can be produced via a photolithographic process, via a deposition process, via cutting or etching a unitary structure from a sheet or source material, or other suitable techniques. Additional details of producing devices such as actuators via the foregoing techniques are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2022/0202613, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The actuator can be any of the actuators described herein, such as those described with respect to FIGS. 2-18 .

The method 1900 can continue at step 1904 by deforming the actuator relative to its fabricated and/or preferred geometry (e.g., to occupy a tensioned configuration) and at step 1906 by securing the deformed actuator to a drainage element, plate, or other shunting structure (e.g., the drainage element 750 or drainage element 850). Deforming the actuator relative to its fabricated geometry can include stretching one or more aspects of the actuator (e.g., the actuation elements 708) relative to their fabricated geometry such that, when the one or more aspects are triggered to move toward their fabricated geometries (e.g., via an induced phase transformation, as previously described), the one or more aspects of the actuator increase in length. Alternatively, deforming the actuator relative to its fabricated geometry can include compressing one or more aspects of the actuator (e.g., the actuation elements 708) relative to their fabricated geometry such that, when the one or more aspects are triggered to move toward their fabricated geometries, the one or more aspects of the actuator decrease in length. In some embodiments, deforming the actuator relative to its preferred geometry includes securing a first portion of the actuator to a second portion of the actuator (e.g., for the actuator 1101 of FIGS. 11A-11D, positioning the anchoring element 1111 on the opposite side of the first and second appendages 1115 a, 1115 b as the projection 1102).

Securing the deformed actuator to the drainage element at step 1906 can include securing the actuator to the drainage element in two or more locations/positions. In some embodiments, the actuator is pivotably/rotatably coupled to the drainage element at least at one of the two or more locations/positions such that a portion of the actuator can pivot or otherwise rotate relative to the drainage element, as previously described. The actuator can be secured to the drainage element via any suitable mechanisms, such as pins, anchors, adhesives, fasteners, or the like. In some embodiments, securing the deformed actuator to the drainage element at step 1906 includes positioning the tensioned actuator in a chamber or other portion of a shunting element or drainage element. After the actuator is secured to the drainage element, the actuator remains at least partially deformed relative to its fabricated geometry so that the actuator can be actuated using its shape memory properties, as described in detail previously.

In some embodiments, steps 1904 and 1906 can be reversed, such that the actuator is secured to the drainage element or other shunting structure and then deformed. In other embodiments, the act of securing the actuator to the drainage element or other shunting structure causes the actuator to deform, and thus steps 1904 and 1906 are performed at substantially the same time.

The present technology further provides methods of treating a patient having glaucoma using the intraocular shunting systems described herein. FIG. 20 , for example, is a flowchart of a method 2000 of treating a patient having glaucoma. Beginning at step 2002, the method 2000 includes implanting an intraocular shunting system into the patient's eye such that an inflow region of the shunting system (e.g., the first end portion 750 a of the drainage element 750) is in fluid communication with an interior of the eye (e.g., the anterior chamber) and an outflow region of the shunting system (e.g., the second end portion 750 b of the drainage element 750) is in fluid communication with a desired outflow location, such as a subconjunctival bleb space. Once implanted, the shunting system can fluidly connect the anterior chamber and the desired outflow location and permit aqueous to drain from the anterior chamber to the desired outflow location.

After implanting the shunting system, the method 2000 can continue at step 2004 by heating a shape memory actuation element (e.g., the first actuation element 708 a or the second actuation element 708 b) to induce a rotational movement of a flow control element (e.g., the projection 702) interfacing with one or more inflow ports at the inflow region. In some embodiments, heating the shape memory actuation element includes heating, via energy applied from an energy source positioned external to the patient's body, the shape memory actuation element above a material transition temperature such that the actuation element changes from a first material state (e.g., a martensitic state, R-phase, etc.) to a second material state (e.g., R-phase, austenitic, etc.). The rotational movement of the flow control element can change a flow resistance through the one or more inflow ports. For example, the rotational movement of the flow control element may further block or unblock the one or more inflow ports, which may permit less or more aqueous from draining via the implanted system.

In some embodiments, heating the shape memory actuation element induces a relatively small geometric change in the actuation element. The relatively small geometric change in the actuation element drives the rotational movement of the flow control element. The rotational movement of a distal end of the flow control element can be a relatively large motion relative to the geometric change in the actuation element. This can be accomplished via an elongated flow control element such as the projection 702 described previously with respect to FIGS. 7A-7E.

The step 2004 can be repeated as many times as necessary to achieve a desired drainage rate and/or to account for changes in a patient's condition. Moreover, the step 2002 and the step 2004 do not necessarily occur at the same time and/or during the patient's same visit to receive therapy. Rather, step 2004 can occur days, months, or even years after the system is implanted in the patient in step 2002. Accordingly, method 2000 enables a healthcare provider to adjust a level of therapy provided by implanted intraocular systems.

As one of skill in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein, various components of the intraocular shunting systems described above can be omitted without deviating from the scope of the present technology. Likewise, additional components not explicitly described above may be added to the intraocular shunting systems without deviating from the scope of the present technology. Accordingly, the systems described herein are not limited to those configurations expressly identified, but rather encompasses variations and alterations of the described systems.

Conclusion

The above detailed description of embodiments of the technology are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the technology to the precise form disclosed above. Although specific embodiments of, and examples for, the technology are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the technology as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, any of the features of the intraocular shunts described herein may be combined with any of the features of the other intraocular shunts described herein and vice versa. Moreover, although steps are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform steps in a different order. The various embodiments described herein may also be combined to provide further embodiments.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but well-known structures and functions associated with intraocular shunts have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the technology. Where the context permits, singular or plural terms may also include the plural or singular term, respectively.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the examples, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling of connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. As used herein, the phrase “and/or” as in “A and/or B” refers to A alone, B alone, and A and B. Additionally, the term “comprising” is used throughout to mean including at least the recited feature(s) such that any greater number of the same feature and/or additional types of other features are not precluded. It will also be appreciated that specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the technology. Further, while advantages associated with some embodiments of the technology have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein. 

I/We claim:
 1. An implantable actuator for selectively controlling a fluid resistance of an implantable shunting system, the actuator comprising: a moveable element; a first actuation element including a first actuatable region, wherein the first actuation element has a first axial length and the first actuatable region has a second axial length that is less than the first axial length, and wherein, in response to being actuated, the first actuation element is configured to rotate the moveable element in a first direction; and a second actuation element including a second actuatable region, wherein the second actuation element has a third axial length and the second actuatable region has a fourth axial length that is less than the third axial length, wherein, in response to being actuated, the second actuation element is configured to rotate the moveable element in a second direction that is different than the first direction.
 2. The actuator of claim 1 wherein the second axial length comprises between about 10% and about 60% of the first axial length, and wherein the fourth axial length comprises between about 10% and about 60% of the third axial length.
 3. The actuator of claim 1 wherein the actuator is configured such that a first ratio of the first axial length to the second axial length changes in response to the first actuation element being actuated, and a second ratio of the third axial length to the fourth axial length changes in response to the second actuation element being actuated.
 4. The actuator of claim 3 wherein the first ratio increases in response to the first actuation element being actuated, and wherein the second ratio increases in response to the second actuation element being actuated.
 5. The actuator of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first actuatable region or the second actuatable region has a serpentine shape.
 6. The actuator of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first actuatable region or the second actuatable region has a sawtooth shape.
 7. The actuator of claim 1 wherein the first actuatable region includes a first curved region having a first opening and a second curved region having a second opening, wherein the first opening and the second openings face in generally opposite directions.
 8. The actuator of claim 7 wherein the first opening and the second opening both face generally parallel to a long axis of the first actuation element.
 9. The actuator of claim 7 wherein the first opening and the second opening both face generally perpendicular to a long axis of the first actuation element.
 10. The actuator of claim 7 wherein the first curved region and the second curved region are generally U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped.
 11. The actuator of claim 1 wherein the first actuation element has a first axis extending along the first axial length, and wherein the first actuatable region includes a segment extending along a second axis.
 12. The actuator of claim 11 wherein an angle between the first axis and the second axis is between about 70 degrees and about 110 degrees.
 13. The actuator of claim 11 wherein the second axis is perpendicular or at least about perpendicular to the first axis.
 14. The actuator of claim 11 wherein an angle between the first axis and the second axis is less than about 30 degrees.
 15. The actuator of claim 11 wherein the second axis is parallel or at least about parallel to the first axis.
 16. The actuator of claim 11 wherein the actuator is configured such that an angle between the first axis and the second axis changes in response to (a) the actuator being deformed relative to its preferred geometry, and/or (b) the first actuation element being actuated after being deformed relative to its preferred geometry.
 17. The actuator of claim 1 wherein the actuator is composed at least in part of a shape memory material.
 18. The actuator of claim 1 wherein the actuator is formed as a unitary structure.
 19. An implantable actuator for selectively controlling a fluid resistance of an implantable shunting system, the actuator comprising: a moveable element; a first actuation element including a first actuatable region having a first curved region forming a first opening facing a first direction and a second curved region forming a second opening facing a second direction, generally opposite the first direction wherein, in response to being actuated, the first actuation element is configured to rotate the moveable element in a first direction; and a second actuation element including a second actuatable region having a third curved region having a third opening facing the first direction and a fourth curved region having a fourth opening facing the second direction, wherein, in response to being actuated, the second actuation element is configured to rotate the moveable element in a second direction that is different than the first direction.
 20. The actuator of claim 19 wherein the first direction and the second direction are both generally parallel to a long axis of the first actuation element and/or the second actuation element.
 21. The actuator of claim 19 wherein the first direction and the second direction are both generally perpendicular to a long axis of the first actuation element and/or the second actuation element.
 22. The actuator of claim 19 wherein the first actuatable region and the second actuatable region are configured to be deformed when the actuator is coupled to the implantable shunting system.
 23. The actuator of claim 19 wherein the curved regions are U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped.
 24. The actuator of claim 19 wherein the first actuation element extends generally along a first axis, and wherein the first actuatable region includes a segment connecting the first curved region and the second curved region and extending along a second axis.
 25. The actuator of claim 24 wherein an angle between the first axis and the second axis is between about 80 degrees and about 100 degrees.
 26. The actuator of claim 24 wherein an angle between the first axis and the second axis is less than about 20 degrees.
 27. The actuator of claim 19 wherein: the first curved region, the second curved region, the third curved region, and the fourth curved region are configured to at least partially open when the actuator is coupled to the implantable shunting system, the first curved region and the second curved region are configured to at least partially close in response to the first actuation element being actuated, and the third curved region and the fourth curved region are configured to at least partially close in response to the second actuation element being actuated.
 28. An adjustable shunt for shunting fluid from a first body region to a second body region within a patient, the medical device comprising: a shunting element having a fluid flow path extending therethrough, wherein, when the shunt is implanted in the patient, the shunting element is configured to extend between the first body region and the second body region; and an actuator for adjusting a fluid resistance along at least a portion of the fluid flow path, the actuator including— a moveable element, a first actuation element extending along a first axis and having at least two first curved regions connected by a segment extending along a second axis, wherein, in response to being actuated, the first actuation element is configured to rotate the moveable element in a first direction such that a first angle between the first axis and the second axis changes, and a second actuation element extending along a third axis and having at least two second curved regions connected by a segment extending along a fourth axis, wherein, in response to being actuated, the second actuation element is configured to rotate the moveable element in a second direction, different than the first direction, such that a second angle between the third axis and the fourth axis changes.
 29. The adjustable shunt of claim 28 wherein the actuator is configured such that the first and second angles decrease in response to the first and second actuation elements being actuated, respectively.
 30. The adjustable shunt of claim 28 wherein the actuator is configured such that the first and second angles increase in response to the first and second actuation elements being actuated, respectively.
 31. The adjustable shunt of claim 28 wherein the first actuation element has a first axial length, and wherein the two first curved regions have a second axial length that is less than the first axial length.
 32. The adjustable shunt of claim 28 wherein the second axial length is configured to increase in response to the first actuation element being actuated.
 33. The adjustable shunt of claim 28 wherein the second axial length is configured to decrease in response to the first actuation element being actuated.
 34. The adjustable shunt of claim 28 wherein the first actuation element and the second actuation element are configured to be actuated by laser energy received from a source positioned external to the patient. 